Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and The Design of Nonpermanent Joints

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Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints
CH-8 LEC 34 Slide 1
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8-1 Thread Standards and Definitions
8-2 The Mechanics of Power Screws
8-3 Strength Constraints
8-4 Joints-Fasteners Stiffness
8-5 Joints-Member Stiffness
8-6 Bolt Strength
8-7 Tension Joints-The External Load
8-8 Relating Bolt Torque to Bolt Tension
8-9 Statically Loaded Tension Joint with Preload
8-10 Gasketed Joints
8-11 Fatigue Loading of Tension Joints
8-12 Shear Joints
8-13 Setscrews
8-14 Keys and Pins
8-15 Stochastic Considerations
CH-8 LEC 34 Slide 2
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Announcements
HW #5 Ch. 18, on WebCT
Due Date for HW #5 is Mon. DEC. 31, 2007
Quiz on Ch. 18, Mon. DEC. 31, 2007 ?????

CH-8 LEC 34 Slide 3
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8-2 The Mechanics of Power Screws

CH-8 LEC 34 Slide 4
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CH-8 LEC 34 Slide 5
A power screw is 23 mm in diameter and has a thread pitch of 7 mm.
(a) Find the thread depth, the thread width, the mean and root
diameters, and the lead, provided square threads are used.
(b) Repeat part (a) for Acme threads.
Example-1
Given:
Diameter of the power screw, d = 23 mm
Thread pitch, p = 7 mm
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CH-8 LEC 34 Slide 6
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CH-8 LEC 34 Slide 7
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The Mechanics of Power Screws
A power screw is a device used in
machinery to change the angular
motion into linear motion, and
usually, to transmit power.
Applications:
Lead screws of lathes
Screws for vises, presses and
jacks

Figure 8-4
The Joyce worm-gear screw jack.
CH-8 LEC 34 Slide 8
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The Mechanics of Power Screws
In Figure 8-5 a square threaded power
screw with single thread having a mean
diameter d
m
, a pitch angle p, and a lead
angle , and a helix angle is loaded by
the axial compressive force F.
We wish to find an expression for the
torque required to raise this load, and
another expression for the torque
required to lower the load.

Figure 8-5 Portion of a power screw
(Square)
CH-8 LEC 34 Slide 9
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Imagine that a single thread of the screw is enrolled or developed (Fig. 8-6) for
exactly a single turn. Then on edge of the thread will form the hypotenuse of a
right triangle whose base is the circumference of the mean-thread- circle and
whose height is the lead. The angle is the lead angle of the thread . For raising the
load a force P
R
acts to the right and to lower the load, P
L
acts to the left.
CH-8 LEC 34 Slide 10
Figure 8-6 Force Diagrams (a) Lifting the load; (b)lowering the load
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For raising the load
sin cos 0
cos sin 0
H R
V
F P N f N
F F N f N

= =
= + =
(a)
For lowering the load
sin cos 0
cos sin 0
H L
V
F P N f N
F F N f N

= + =
= =
(b)
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( )
sin cos
cos sin
R
F f
P
f

+
=
(c)
(d)
Eliminating N from the previous equations and solving for P gives
( )
cos sin
cos sin
R
F f
P
f

=
+
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( )
( )
1
m
R
m
F l d f
P
f l d
t
t
+ (

=
(e)
(f)
Next, divide the numerator and the denominator of these
equations by cos and use the relation
tan
m
l d t =
( )
( )
1
m
R
m
F f l d
P
f l d
t
t
(

=
+
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2
m m
R
m
Fd l f d
T
d f l
t
t
| |
+
=
|
\ .
(8-1)
(8-2)
The torque is the product of the force P and the mean radius 2
m
d
Torque required for raising the load
to overcome thread friction and to
raise the load

R
T
2
m m
L
m
Fd f d l
T
d f l
t
t
| |
=
|
+
\ .
Torque required for lowering the load
to overcome part of the thread
friction in lowering the load

L
T
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Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 34 Slide 15
Self Locking Condition
If the lead is large or the friction is low, the load will lower itself
by causing the screw to spin without any external effort. In such
cases the torque from Eq. (8-2) will be negative or zero.
When a positive torque is obtained from this equation, the screw
is said to be self locking
L
T
Condition for Self Locking:
m
fd l t >
Dividing both sides of the above inequality by and recognizing
that , we get
m
d t
tan
m
l d t =
tan f >
(8-3)
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The critical coefficient of friction for the lead concerned,
If f = f
cr
the nut is on the point of moving down the thread without
any torque applied.
If f > f
cr
then the thread is self-locking in that the nut cannot undo
by itself, it needs to be unscrewed by a definite negative torque;
Clearly self-locking behavior is essential for threaded fasteners.
Car lifting jacks would not be of much use if the load fell as soon as
the operating handle was released.
Self Locking Condition
tan f >
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Some applications of power screws require overhauling behavior.

1. The Archimedean drill

2. Pump action screwdrivers
(Yankee screw drivers)

These devices incorporate very
large lead angles
Power Screw-Overhauling
If f < f
cr
then the thread is overhauling in that the nut will unscrew by
itself under the action of the load unless prevented by a positive
tightening torque.
Increasing lead (angle) overhauling
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decreasing thread friction overhauling
Sensitive linear actuators may incorporate recirculating ball screws
such as that illustrated here to reduce thread friction to levels which
go hand-in-hand with overhauling.
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decreasing thread friction overhauling
Sensitive linear actuators may incorporate recirculating ball screws
such as that illustrated here to reduce thread friction to levels which
go hand-in-hand with overhauling.
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Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 34 Slide 20
Efficiency
If we let in Eq. (8-1), we obtain 0 f =
which, is the torque required to raise
the load.
(8-4)
0
2
Fl
T
t
=
(g)
The efficiency is therefore
R R
T
Fl
T
T
e efficiency
t 2
0
= = =
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f
Efficiency
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Power Screw- ACME Thread
F is parallel to screw axis i.e. makes angle
= 14.5 with thread surface ignoring the
small effect of l, the resultant normal force
N is F/cos . The frictional force = f N is
increased and thus friction terms in Eq.
(8.1) are modified accordingly:
Torque required to raise load F
sec
sec
m m
R
m
d l fd
T F
2 d fl
o
o
| |
+
=
|
\ .
(8-5)
ACME thread is not as efficient as square thread because of additional friction
due to wedging action but it is often preferred because it is easier to machine.
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In most of power screw applications (load lifting) a collar is to be designed.
The presence of collar increases the friction torque. A thrust collar bearing
must be employed between the rotating and stationary members in order to
carry the axial component
Power Screw with Collar
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f
c
= collar friction coefficient
d
c
= collar mean diameter
sec
sec
m m
R c
m
c c
c
d l fd
T F T
2 d fl
Ff d
T
2
o
o
| |
+
= +
|
\ .
=
If is the
coefficient of collar
friction, the torque
required is
c
f
(8-6)
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Power Screws-friction coefficients
Friction wears thread surface for safe applications Max thread
bearing pressure is given in Table 8-4.
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Table 8-5 Coefficients of friction f for Threaded Pairs
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Table 8-6 Thrust Collar friction coefficient, f
c

Coefficients of friction around 0.1 to 0.2 may be expected
for common materials under conditions of ordinary service
and lubrication.
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Example-2
Problem # 8.8 (modified)
Given:
5/8-6ACME? i.e. d=5/8 and N=6
f=f
c
= 0.15
d
c
=7/16 in
P = 6 lb
L
arm
=2 3/4 in

Required:
F, efficiency, Self-Lock?

P
L
arm
F
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Lever torque
Clamping force
R
l =1/N
2
d Ff
T
T
f l d
f d l
2
d
F T
c c
c
c
m
m m
total R
=
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
o
o
sec
sec
p/2 =1/2N d
Example-2 (Cont.d)
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Efficiency

161 0.1667
0.26
2 2 16.5
R
Fl
Efficiency e
T t t
= = = =

Self-lock

which is clear that it is self lock

0.15 0.5417 0.255
0.1667
m
m
fd l
fd
l
t
t t
>
= =
=
Example-2 (Cont.d)

Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and The Design of Nonpermanent Joints

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