first ...

Lets look at SOMETHING which we see and understand

around...

Is this way through Net Poll which we acquire Yesterdays Question Should airlines have the right to sack truth? overweight air hostesses?
Cant Say - 2.14% No - 68.57% Yes - 29.29%

Todays Question

Is this the way through which we acquire truth..???

after liberalisation, the GNP

is distributed in the favour of those who have higher propensity to import and as a result, the production and the employment

abroad have increased at the cost

of domestic production and

employment. This is also one of

the important reason of recession in India

All stars are stationary.

The Sun is a star.

The Sun is stationary.

Is this way through which we acquire truth?

 20% of the sampled worker are in the favour of the new pension scheme.

worker

selected

will

favour new pension scheme

with probability of 20%.

Is this way through which we acquire truth?

Are all these representing truth???

Are these ways through which we acquire truth?

HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT IS TRUTH???

And, the process that leads to truth(???) is called KNOWING!!!!

How scientific facts are

different from the common-

sense facts???

Are The rows of black and white squares all parallel?

What you see and feel may not be a scientific truth!!!!

A perfect CIRCLE may look like an imperfect one!!!!!!

What you look may not be a scientific reality!!!!

Do we have a fourth dimension!!!!!!

Seeing may not be believing!!!!

Seeing may not be believing!!!!

Is this logic representing a scientific truth?

All elephants are RED. Ramdas is an elephant.
Therefore, Ramdas is RED.

THINK!!!

SCIENTIFIC FACTS ARE...

o OBJECTIVE IN NATURE
o VERIFIABLE & SUBJECT TO TESTING AND QUESTIONING o BASED UPON WELL ACCEPTED PRINCIPLES OF LOGIC o SELF - CORRECTING IN NATURE

Something to think over

The method for scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary

mode of working of the human mind. It is

simply the mode at which all phenomena are

reasoned about, rendered precise and exact.

We Are All Scientists by T.H. Huxley in Darwiniana (1863)

Whats the most important underlying philosophy behind scientific knowledge?

Keep the process of knowing authentic and scientific, the truth with be authentic and scientific!!!

Everywhere our knowledge is incomplete and problems are waiting to be solved. We address the void in our knowledge, and those unresolved problems,

By asking relevant questions and seeking answers to them.

The role of research is to provide a method for obtaining those answers By inquiringly studying the facts, within the parameters Of the scientific method.

RE -SEARCH
Purposeful investigation to solve organizational questions or problems, conducted in a systematic, objective & scientific way

RESEARCH-

RECOGNITION OF NEEDS EFFECTIVE DECISION MAKING SYSTEMATIC &OBJECTIVE EXUDE OR DISSEMINATE DATA ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION RECOMMENDATION FOR ACTION COLLECTION OF INFORMATION HELPFUL TO MANAGERS

FEATURES OF A GOOD RESEARCH

EMPIRICAL VERIFIABLE RATIONAL

CUMULATIVE
SELF-CORRECTING ETHICAL NEUTRALITY STATISTICAL GENERALIZABILITY

Problem discovery
Sampling

Selection of sampling technique

Selection of exploratory research technique

Probability

Nonprobability

Secondary (historical) data

Experience Survey/

Pilot study

Case study

Data Gathering

Collection of data (fieldwork) Editing and coding data Data processing Interpretation of findings

Problem definition (statement of research objectives)

Data Processing and Analysis

Research Design

Selection of basic research design

Experiment
Laboratory Field Interview

Survey
Questionnaire

Observation

Secondary Data Study

Conclusions and Report

Report

The formulation of the problem is often more essential than its solution

.Albert Einstein

Defining Problem results in clear cut Research Objectives

Symptom Detection

Analysis of the Situation

Problem Definition Statement of Research Objectives

Exploratory Research (Optional)

The Process of Problem Definition

Ascertain the decision makers objectives Determine unit of analysis

Understand background of the problem

Determine relevant variables

Isolate/identify the problem, not the symptoms

State research questions and objectives

Management Problem

Research Problem

Allocate Advertisement budget among media Decide whether to open office on Saturday

Estimate awareness generated by each media type Evaluate use of services on different days & determine if customers can do so on Saturday Design a concept test through which likely acceptance and use can be assessed.

Introduce a new health service

Management Problem Research Problem

Introduction of new product

To determine customer preferences and purchase intentions of the proposed new product To determine effectiveness of the current advertisting campaign

Change in advertising campaign

Increase in product pricing

To determine the price elasiticity of demand and the impact on sales and profits of various levels of price change

Symptoms Can Be Confusing

Problem Definition Based on Symptoms

Organization

Symptoms

True Problem

Twenty-year-old neighborhood swimming association in a major city.

Membership has been declining for years. New water park with wave pool and water slides moved into town a few years ago.

Neighborhood residents prefer the expensive water park and have negative image of swimming pool.

Demographic changes: Children in this 20year-old neighborhood have grown up. Older residents no longer swim anywhere.

Management-research question hierarchy is an easy approach to identify the research problem from the management dilemma consisting of hierarchal steps, as follows-

Management Dilemma-

What are the symptoms that cause management concern? What environmental stimuli raise management interest?

Declining sales

Management Question-

How can management eliminate the negative symptoms? How can management fully capitalize an opportunity?

How can the sales be improved?

Research Question(s)-

What plausible courses of action are available to management to correct the problem or take advantage of the opportunity, and which should be considered?

Should an incentive commission based scheme be introduced? Should the level of advertising be increased? Should the product formula be modified over different regions?

Investigative questions-

What does manger need to know to choose the best alternative?

What is the likelihood that current customer satisfaction will decrease? What is the likelihood that the salesperson will feel motivated by differential compensation scheme?

Measurement questions-

What should be asked or observed to obtain the Ratings on level of concern on manager needs? Lack of predictability of pay Increased internal compensation Measures on current image of product What is the recommended course of action, given research findings?

Management decision-

Using management-research question hierarchy, develop the same for a management dilemma you face at organization or for a mega store which is experiencing declining repeat visits at its new superstore.

Hypothesis
An unproven proposition Suggests possible solution to a problem An assumption on which we base our research premises and test in the light of our findings A tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation Something taken to be true for the purpose of argument or investigation; an assumption A hypothesis becomes a theory when there is consistency with observations/predictions
Manager X has high need for achievement. Managers of Company Y have high need for achievement. The government is generating awareness on child labour. Are women better managers ?

STATISTICAL Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a claim (assumption) about a population parameter: -

population mean or

Example: The mean monthly cell phone bill of this city is = $42

population proportion
Example: The proportion of adults in this city with cell phones is = 0.68

States the claim or assertion to be tested

Example: The average number of TV sets in U.S. Homes is equal to three
H0 : 3

Null Hypothesis H0

Is always about a population parameter, not about a sample statistic

H0 : 3

H0 : X 3

Null Hypothesis H0
Begin with the assumption that the null hypothesis is true Similar to the notion of innocent until proven guilty Refers to the status quo Always contains = , or sign May or may not be rejected

Alternative Hypothesis H1
Is the opposite of the null hypothesis Challenges the status quo Never contains the =
e.g., The average number of TV sets in U.S. homes is not equal to 3 ( H1: 3 )

, or sign

May or may not be proven Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove

TYPES OF RESEARCH STUDY

EXPLORATORY/FORMULATIVE STUDIES DESCRIPTIVE /DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES CAUSAL / HYPOTHESIS TESTING STUDIES

EXPLORATORY STUDIES Formulates problem for more precise investigation

Defines objectives, identifies variables and formulates hypothesis to be studied. Helps in screening alternatives and discovering new ideas. Techniques generally employed to obtain insights and gain clearer idea of problem: Secondary data analysis, Focus Group interview, Experience Survey, Case Study, Projective Techniques

DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES
Provides description of phenomenon or characteristics associated with subject population Determines frequency of occurrence of these traits estimates proportions of population having certain characteristics and discovers associations among different variables Techniques generally employed -SECONDARY DATAexamination of records, SURVEY questionnaires, interview, OBSERVATION STUDIES

CAUSAL / HYPOTHESIS TESTING STUDIES

Used for establishing functional relationship between cause and effect variables and testing hypothesis pertaining to these relationships. Basic research designs for causal research: Experiments

Other CLASSIFICATIONS
QUANTITATIVE/QUALITATIVE LONGITUDINAL/CROSS-SECTIONAL EMPIRICAL/LITERATURE-BASED