MODERN TRENDS IN MARINE DIESEL ENGINE

-Paper presented by, CADET:N.BALAMURALIMANOHAR CADET:Z.NABEEL AHAMED

G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Chennai -63

Marine propulsion
Marine propulsion is the mechanism or system used to generate thrust to move a ship across water. while most modern ships are propelled by mechanical systems consisting a motor or engine turning a propeller, or less frequently, in jet drives, an impeller Marine engineering is the discipline concerned with the design of marine propulsion systems. Steam engines were the first mechanical engines used in marine propulsion, but have mostly been replaced by twostroke or four -stroke diesel engine

EARLY STEAM ENGINES

The development of piston-engine steamships was a complex process. Early steam ships were fueled by wood, later ones by coal or fuel oil. During this period, the development of steam surface condenser eliminated the sea water in boilers and permitted high steam pressures which led to the use of compound engines. These compound engines gave rise to screw propellers

DISADVANTAGES & SOLUTIONS OF DIESEL ENGINE

DISADVANTAGES
High fuel cost High Friction High exhaust gas
SOLUTIONS
Nuclear propulsion
RLE technology

Airless SCR system

Atomized spray

Fuel injection

technology

Nuclear marine propulsion

Nuclear marine propulsion is propulsion of a ship by a nuclear reactor Nuclear propulsion is used in ships ,in which refueling takes long period Nuclear propulsion is the new trend used instead of propulsion by diesel It is the very economical fuel used in many naval ships because of its cost , source etc. 1 kg of uranium = 2500 tones of coal

Differences from land power plants

It can produce only a few of 500mw only but not like land based reactors It occupies only a small space according to ship and not a large volume space It can operate at all conditions including vibrations and pitching & rolling of a ship in rough sea Reactor shutdown mechanism cannot be done by simply taking out the control rods because it is set upright fixed Salt water corrosion is an additional problem that complicates maintenance.

Nuclear fuel in ships

The element consist of 4 bundles of 41 fuel rods. The fuel used is UO(uranium oxide) with high concentration of U235 & u238 Other most commonly used fuel is metal- zirconium which is a alloy of UO. A marine nuclear propulsion plant must be designed to be highly reliable and self sufficient, requiring minimal maintenance and repairs

Maintenance & their advantages

We should provide an neutron shield to increase the life of vessel. The gradual dissipation of nuclear poison increases the efficiency of the vessel. The fuel element can withstand high radiation .

Merchant ships & icebreakers

Otto hann- A German cargo ship is a merchant ship. It travelled about 65,000 nautical miles(12,00,000km) on 126 voyages over 10 years without any technical problem. They are economically & technically feasible so they serve as icebreakers using this technology Example
NS Lenin ,(decommissioned, museum ship) NS Arktika, (inactive)

Working of nuclear propulsion Engine

Consequences of high friction

Wear &tear in cylinder bore at TDC High fuel consumption Higher emissions 50% of efficiency is wasted by thermal losses. High pressure at TDC area.

Solution for friction reduction

ROTATING LINER ENGINE (RLE TECHNOLOGY) RLE is the new approach to reduce friction & control emissions from the diesel engines. This the precursor of SVE (Sleeve Valve Engines)

Working of a RLE Engine

RLE tech. is nothing but the rotation of cylinder liner along elliptical path without axial rotation. The outer side of liner is lubricated by ball bearings like crank shaft. The key challenge to this tech. is face seal between cylinder head &rotating liner instead of a conventional piston rings.

WORKING OF RLE ENGINES

 This rotation is to eradicate the metallic contact with piston & cylinder liners. This eradication reduces friction at TDC area & causes no wear in it. There is no seal friction caused in cylinder heads. Practically zero leakage of oil from the cylinder . The fuel consumption is reduced by 3-7% & efficiency is also increased to greater extend. And also to meet modern emission regulations. Although the production of this type of engine is cost it can compensate the cost of the fuel. The life engine is increased.

Advantages of RLE technology

IMO REGULATIONS & RLE TECHNOLOGY

Diesel engine exhaust emission are heavily regulated which demands a no. of change in operating conditions & many of which reduces efficiency of the engines.2003& 2007 regulations where dramatically reduced the efficiency of the engines. The engines which meet with these regulations causes wear because when large volume of air is passed to remove NOX which causes peak pressure & forms acids and causes tear in it. RLE technology could meet both these regulations and overcomes the disadvantages caused.

Fuel injection-A new trend

The key challenge to all marine engines is to increasing the fuel efficiency & reduction in emissions
Combustion reaction, temperature and formation of pollutants are directly related to the distribution of air/fuel mixtures ratios throughout combustion chambers. The above said can be increased by a new trend called atomization & vaporization of fuel & spraying into combustion chamber. The design of atomizer nozzles, liquid fuel and atomizing air pressures and flow rates are important tools for controlling and changing breakup of liquid jets, spray angle droplet size and velocity distributions. Spray characteristics, individual drop size and momentum are the most important factors for achieving the required local air/fuel ratio distributions.

INDIRECT FUEL INJJECTION

In an internal combustion engine, the term indirect injection refers to a fuel injection method which does not inject fuel directly into the combustion chamber. An indirect injection diesel engine delivers fuel into a chamber off the combustion chamber, called a prechamber, where combustion begins and then spreads into the main combustion chamber.

ATOMIZED SPRAY TECHNOLOGY The admission of fuel into a engine by atomizing the liquid & spraying into it is called so The size of the spray & spray velocity plays an important role in increasing the efficiency There three spray patterns involved they are as follows

Flat fan, Solid cone and Hollow cone spray patterns

Spray Angle and Coverage The spray angle does not remain constant as spray length increases
Liquids more viscous than water form smaller spray angles, or solid streams, depending upon nozzle capacity, spray pressure, and viscosity. Liquids with surface tensions lower than water produce wider spray angles than those listed for water.

Spray coverage

c 2 D tan( 2)

Spray Drop Size & Drop Distribution

The drop size is the size of the spray drops that make up the nozzles spray pattern. The spray drops within a given spray are not all the same size Drop sizes are stated in microns (micrometers). One micron equals 1/25,400 inch, or 0.001 mm. One sixteenth (1/16) of an inch equals 1588 microns.

The size and volume distribution of drops in a spray is typically expressed by the size versus the cumulative volume percent

cumulative drop size distribtion graph

CONCLUSION
Thus the disadvantages caused in marine diesel engine and some of their solution have been studied in the above presentation .These solutions could definitely solve these problems. This will pave way for the efficient modern diesel engines in future .