Best practices in Distribution loss reduction

Concepts and Principles of Distribution Loss Reduction

T Raghunatha Joint Director Central Power Research Institute Bangalore

Indian Power Scenario

Indian Power Scene

Installed Capacity =182689 MW

T&D Losses:25.47 A &TC Losses: 28.44%

Peak Shortage: 12.7% Per Capita Consumption : 733.54units

Indian Power Scenario

From a technical point of view the story was not different as reflected in the Grid performance.

Indian Power Scene

Frequency fluctuations Voltage fluctuations Statistical non-availability Technical transmission and distribution losses Commercial losses

2 Hz 10% - 40% About 200-800 hours per year Estimated 30% from 220 kV to 220V >20%

% 10 20 30 35 45

15

25

40

0
REP. OF KOREA CHINA BARBADOS BELIZE THAILAND TUNISIA EL-SALVADOR FRENCH GUIANA BRAZIL ZIMBABWE GUATEMALA PHILIPINES SRI LANKA INDIA @ PAKISTAN NICARAGUA HONDURAS

... Where does India stand globally

PERCENTAGE TRANSFORMATION, T&D TECHNICAL LOSSES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

MYANMAR

Loss Scenario in India

Sl No System Segment Existing % Level Target %Level Tolerable % Level 3

1 2
3

Trs. System Sub Trs. System Primary (HV) Distn Secon (LV) Distn Total

4.5 4.0
7.0

2.00 2.25
3.00

3
5

4
5

7.5
23%

1.00
8.25

4
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ACS v/s ARR

Indian Power Scene

ACS 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 246 238 239 254 258 276

ARR 181 195 203 209 221 227

All India T&D and AT&C Losses

AT&C T&D Losses Losses 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 32.54 32.53 31.25 30.42 28.65 27.2 25.47 32.54 34.78 34.33 33.02 30.59 29.24 28.44

T&D and Revenue Loss

The total of Technical and Commercial losses are called Distribution losses
In addition to the above, revenue loss occurs on account of non realization of billed demand

Technical Losses

Every element in a power system a line a transformer etc consume some energy while performing their expected duty.
Cumulative energy consumed by all these elements constitute technical losses.

AT&C Losses
AT & C is abbreviation for Aggregate Technical & Commercial Loss Example: Units Input 100 MU Units sold 70 MU Losses 30 MU T&D Loss 30% If Revenue collections are 90% of demand.

Out of 70 MU of sales revenue is realized for 63 MU.

AT & C losses are 37%.

LOSSES DEPENDS IN ANY SYSTEM ON

Pattern of Energy Used Intensity of Load Demand Load Density Capability and configurations of T & D system

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 State-wise T&D Loss (%)

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AT & C Loss

Loss in Revenue due to Non Realization of Billed Demand Input Energy Energy Realized x 100 Input Energy or 1 Billing Efficiency x Collection Efficiency Energy Realized = Units Billed x Collection Efficiency Technical Loss + Commercial Loss + Revenue Loss due to Non Realization of total Billed Demand Ex: Units Input = 100MU Units Input = 100MU Units (Output) Sold = 70 MU Units Realized = 63 MU, (90% of 70 MU) T & D Loss = 30 MU AT & C Loss = 37 MU

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Causes for Technical Losses

Wrong location of DTCs

DTCs are not located centrally and farthest consumers face low voltages
For every 10% voltage drop losses increase by 21% and for every 20% voltage drop losses increase by 44% DTCs to be relocated at load center to minimise losses

Causes for Technical Losses

Over rated DTCs

Under loaded DTCs are a source for high avoidable Iron losses
Taking village as a unit the loads can be readjusted among all DTCs in the village for optimal use of installed capacity

Causes for Technical Losses

Low voltage pockets

Where as the permissible LT voltage variations are +/6% the voltages at some points go below 10% and in some cases even more Full load current drawn by motors go up by 15% for every 10% drop in voltage
On load tap changers are not made use of due to certain inhibitions

Causes for Technical Losses

Low power factor In majority of Distribution circuits the pf is between 0.65 & 0.75 Low pf contributes to high distribution losses When shunt capacitors of adequate rating are fixed at load end, experiments showed 10% Improvement in voltage 20% reduction in current 6% overall reduction in energy

Causes for Technical Losses

Bad workmanship

Bad joints are a source of power loss

Proper jointing techniques should be adopted for firm connection Connections at line jumpers, transformer bushing rods, drop-out fuses, isolators, LT switch etc shall be periodically inspected. Timely replacement of deteriorated wires, worn out clamps etc

Inadequate conductor size.

Main consideration for selection of conductor is voltage drop Approved voltage regulation in distribution lines is +/-8 % for 11kV and +/-6 % for LT . Current carrying capacity at ambient temperatures is also a consideration. Voltage regulation is (ES-ER)/ ER ES - Sending end voltage ER - Receiving end voltage

Standards for 11kV Lines

Length of 11kV line corresponding to different loads Size of kVA-km for Max of conductor 8% voltage length of drop at 0.8pf line (km) Rabbit Weasel 10,650 7,200 30 20 Load that can be connected (kW) 355 360

Squirrel

5,120

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341

The figures are for a conductor temperature of 600C. For a conductor Temperature of 500C, the above figures shall be about 3% higher and for a temperature of 700C about 3% lower.

Standards for LT Lines

Length of 415V line corresponding to different loads

Size of conductor

kVA-km for 6% Max of length Load that voltage drop at of line (km) can be 0.8pf connected (kW) 11.76 7.86 1.6 1.0 7.35 4.86

Rabbit Weasel

The figures are for a conductor temperature of 600C. For a conductor Temperature of 500C, the above figures shall be about 3% higher and for a temperature of 700C about 3% lower.

Way to reduce Technical Losses

By proper planning of system configuration by using Computer Analysis, LT Lines (Radialy laid) can be reduced & HT can be increased
Running Express Lines for bifurcation & load sharing

Adding Additional DTCs to Network based on load growth & locating them near load centers
Judicious selection of DT matching with Maximum KVA Demand @ good pf

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Way to reduce Technical Losses

Use of On load Tap Changers in Power Transformer at High Voltage 66/11Kv substation To compensate for the voltage drop at transformer terminal resulting in poor regulation

Providing switched capacitors & voltage regulators on 11 Kv feeders

Automatic

Use of Off load Tap Changers in DTCs to compensate Voltage drop due to Agricultural pump sets, which may draw more current and hence double line losses

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Way to reduce Technical Losses

Improving PF by Series and Shunt Capacitors installed at 33/11 kV Secondary Side of Power Transformer
i) 11 kV Lines
PF Before After 0.7 1.0 KVA 428 300 Current 38.9 27.2 Line Losses Kw 27.2 13.4

ii) LT Lines
Optimum Rating of Capacitor Bank = 2/3rd of KVAR requirement of that distribution Network Optimum Location: 2/3rd Length of Main Distributor from transformer end 46

Way to reduce Technical Losses

1) Use of Best Possible Workmanship

2) Use of Minimum joints and proper techniques like PG Clamps and Wedge Clamps 3) Avoiding Loose connections to Transformer bushing stem, Dropout Fuse, Isolator, LT Fuse Kit to prevent sparking and heating of contacts 4) Periodical inspection of all joints/connections 5) Replacement of deteriorated wires/services/Materials timely to avoid any cause of Leaking and Loss of Power 6) Adhering to O & m Schedule for all equipments / Switchgears 7) Outsourcing and franchising of feeders/Substations
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System Planning to reduce Technical losses

Develop SLD for all 11kV Feeders Collect feeder loadings Calculate the Technical losses for all feeders Categorize the feeders on their loading and loss levels Suggest the improvement required for each feeder Prioritize the feeders based on the benefit to cost ratio To start with pick high loss/heavily loaded feeders and execute improvement work on them Have an improvement investment plan for at least 3 to 5 years up front and cover all feeders.

Comparison of 11kV & LT line Losses

Contrary to popular belief, HT line losses in rural 11kV feeders are often higher than LT line losses. Currents stepped up by a factor of 25 in a 11000/433V transformer, does not necessarily imply larger LT losses. Losses depends on how many DTCs exist and how many LT feeders are taken out directly from the secondary of the transformer. Let us assume there are n number of DTCs , An average two feeders directly come out of the secondary of the Transformers. Let I be the 11kV line current. For simplicity assume that the loads are the same and branch out equally, then the branch currents on the LTs are 25I/2n

Comparison of 11kV & LT line Losses

The primary and secondary conductors are of the same cross-section and the LT to HT ratio 4:1, HT and LT line losses are equal, when [I x 25/2n]2 x 4R = I2R, Then, n=25 This indicates that the LT and 11kV line losses will be approximately same when the number of TCs is 25 With 2 LT Circuits on DTC Secondary, for n>25, LT losses would be less than HT losses.

Comparison of 11kV & LT line Losses

If the secondary current flows only in one LT feeder from each DTC, the equation will be modified into [I x 25/n]2 x 4R = I2R, where n=50 And for n>50, the LT losses would be less than HT losses. In Rural 11kV feeders, Inmost cases two or more LT feeders branch out of the secondary of the transformer. Rural feeders often have more than 50 TCs, Hence in majority of rural feeders LT line losses are likely to be less than HT losses. In Urban feeders, however, the number of TCs are significantly less and the reverse would be true.

Commercial Losses.
Occur on Account of Non performing meters Under performing meters Meters not read Application of lower multiplication factors Defects in CT/PT circuitry Pilferage by manipulation Theft by direct tapping etc.

Way to Reduce Commercial Losses.

DTC wise energy audit Use quality meters Strengthen Vigilance squad

Proper consumer indexing

Computerized billing

Way to Reduce Commercial Losses.

1) Accurate Metering

2) Use of appropriate range of meter w.r.t connected load

3) ETV meters with TOD, tamper proof data and Remote reading facility for HT and High valued services

4) Energy Meters housed on a separate Box sealed and inaccessible to consumer

5) Multicore PVC Cable used for Service Mains

6) Providing potentials link inside body of Energy Meter rather than inside thermal cover

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Way to Reduce Commercial Losses.

1) Integrated of MBC software along with CAT & MAT softwares to improve collection efficiency and easy implementation of A. T. Law 2) Eradication of theft by implementation of ATL and constant intensive inspection by vigilance squad 3) Implementation of IT measures as BEST PRACTICES adopted by DISCOMs 4) Outsourcing & Franchising of Meter, Billing and collection and Energy Auditing and Accounting

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Anti Power Theft Initiatives

Vigilance Activity commercial losses has been intensified to reduce

11 Police Stations are functioning

Special Courts at District Headquarters have been set up exclusively for speedy disposal of Electricity related cases
Apart from Vigilance Inspections by O & M staff have been intensified Periodical and surprise inspections are being carried out Meter Testing Division and Vigilance wing
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MILESTONES ACHIEVED
ESCOMs has achieved the following milestones during the last two years Milestones: Any Time Payment Kiosk Transformer Information Management System Business Plan (07 -10) Training to ESCOM Personal Real Time Remote Automatic Meter Reading (RRAMR) Rural Load Management System DTC wise Energy Audit Modernization of Central Complaint system Energy Saving Initiatives ( Demand Side Management) Insurance Cover Customer Interaction Meets Grama Vidyuth Pratinidhi Prepaid Metering on Experimental basis
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Conclusions
Reduction in AT & C loss calls for DTC wise Energy Audit System Improvement works LT Reconductoring works Rural Load management System Introducing HVDS System of distributions APDRP Works Rating and Calibration of installations on a regular basis Reducing the overloaded conditions of existing DTCs by establishing new DTCs at Load centers

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Conclusions

Bringing in fresh investments both long term capital and working capital Reduction of political interference in day to day working Bringing effective regulatory Mechanisms Bringing Competition both at generation and distribution levels Strict enactment of Antitheft Law in accordance with Electricity act 2003 IT initiatives in Power Sector Professional Management and change in work culture in Power Sector

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THANK YOU
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