Wireless Ethernet(IEEE 802.

11)&Bluetooth
By qusay shihab

Wireless Ethernet
A wireless LAN or WLAN is a wireless local area network, which is the linking of two or more computers without using wires. WLAN utilizes spread-spectrum or OFDM modulation technology based on radio waves to enable communication between devices in a limited area, also known as the basic service set. This gives users the mobility to move around within a broad coverage area and still be connected to the network.

IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.11 is a set of standards for wireless local area network (WLAN) computer communication, developed by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee (IEEE 802) in the 5 GHz and 2.4 GHz public spectrum bands. It covers the physical and data link layers.

Architecture
The standard defines two kinds of services: the basic service set BSS and the extended service set ESS. The BSS is made of stationary or mobile wireless stations and an optional central base station, known as the access point AP. The BSS without an AP is stand-alone network and cannot send data to other BSSs. Its called an ad hoc architecture. A BSS with an AP is sometimes referred to as an infrastructure network.

Basic service sets (BSSs)

Extended service sets (ESSs)

An extended service set ESS is made up of two or more BSSs with APs. In this case, the BSSs are connected through a distribution system, which is usually a wired LAN. The distribution system connects the APs in the BSSs. The ESS uses two types of stations: mobile and stationary. The mobile stations are normal stations inside a BSS. The stationary stations are AP stations that are part of a wired LAN.

Extended service sets (ESSs)

Station Type
According to IEEE 802.11 there are three types of stations based on their mobility in wireless LAN: 1- No-transition, 2- BSS-transition, 3- ESS-transition mobility. A station with no-transition mobility is either stationary (not moving) or moving only inside a BSS. A station with BSS-transition mobility can move from one BSS to another. A station with ESS-transition mobility can move from one ESS to another.

IEEE 802.11 standard

Wireless LANs cannot implement CSMA/CD for three reasons:

1. For collision detection a station must be able to send data and receive collision signals at the same time. This can mean costly stations and increased bandwidth requirements.
2. Collision may not be detected because of the hidden station problem. 3. The distance between stations can be great. Signal fading could prevent a station at one end from hearing a collision at the other end

Frame format

Frame control(FC). is 2 bytes and defines the type of frame and some control information. D. Define the duration of the transmission . Addresses. There are four address fields,each 6 byte ,depends on value of the To DS & From DS. Sequence control. Define sequence number of the frame. FCS. Contains a CRC-32 error detection sequence.

Frame Types
management frames: used for the initial communication . control frames: used for accessing the channel acknowledging frames. Data frames: used for carrying data.

Addresses Mechanism
Addresses1 =next device, Addresses2 = previous device, Addresses3 = final destination , Addresses4 = original source

Case 1: 00

Case 2: 01

Case 3: 10

Case 4: 11

Physical layers

BLUETOOTH

BLUETOOTH
Bluetooth is a wireless LAN technology designed to connect devices of different functions such as telephones, notebooks, computers, cameras, printers, coffee makers, and so on. A Bluetooth LAN is an ad hoc network, which means that the network is formed spontaneously. Defined by the IEEE 802.15 standard, the standard defines a wireless personal-area network(PAN).

Bluetooth defines two type of networks : piconet & scatternet.

Piconet
A Bluetooth network is called a piconet, or a small net. A piconet can have up to eight stations, one of which is called the primary; the rest are called secondary. The secondary stations and the primary are synchronized in clocks and hopping sequence. The piconet can have only one primary station. The communication between the primary and the secondary can be one-to one or one-to-many.

Scatternet
Piconet can be combined to form what is called a scatternet. A secondary station in one piconet can be the primary in another piconet. This station can receive messages from the primary in the first piconet and, acting as primary, deliver them to secondaries in the second piconet. A station can be a member of two piconets.

Bluetooth Layers
Bluetooth uses several layers that do not exactly match those of the Internet model. The radio layer is roughly equivalent to the physical layer of the Internet model. Bluetooth devices are low-power and have a range of 10m. The baseband layer is roughly equivalent to the MAC sublayer in LANs. The access method is TDMA. The primary and secondary communicate with each other using time slots.

The logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol, or L2CAP, is roughly equivalent to LLC sublayer in LANs. Its used for data exchange.

Bluetooth layers

Frame format types

Access code. 72-bit use to distinguish the frame of one piconet from another.

Data. This subfiled can be 0 to 2740 bit. Contain data coming from upper layer. Header. 54-bit , is repeated 18-bit. 1-Address. 3-bit ,used for broadcast communication from primary to all secondaries. 2-Type . 4-bit, define type of data coming from upper layers. 3-F. 1-bit,is for flow control. 4- A. 1-bit, for acknowledgment. 5- S. 1-bit, holds sequence number. 6- HEC. Is 8-bit, a checksum to detect errors.