Pollution Control Technologies in Power Plants : Future Prospects

MTA Presentation 13th feb, 09 VSTPP

By Manish Singh (100721) Utpal Tiwari (100720) Yogendra Gautam (100723)

PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Types of power plants Power infrastructure in India Climate Change Pollution control CCS IGCC Relevant Facts and Figures Conclusion
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TYPES OF POWER PLANTS

RENEWABLE NON RENEWABLE

RENEWABLE POWER PLANTS HYDRO WIND SOLAR BIOMASS TIDAL

NON RENEWABLE POWER PLANTS

THERMAL GAS NUCLEAR DIESEL

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Power Infrastructure in India

Fuel wise break-up (MW)
Thermal Hydro 91,907 35,909 64.2% 25.1%
Private Sector 14% Central Sector 34% State Sector 52%

Sector wise break-up (MW)

Nuclear Renewable

4,120 11,125

2.8% 7.9%

TOTAL

143,061

100.0%

(Excluding captive capacity of 14636 MW connected to grid)

(All figures provisional from CEA)

Total generation in 2007-08 704.45 BU

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SOURCES OF GLOBAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION

SOURCE COAL OIL GAS HYDRO NUCLEAR RENEWABLE 1973 38% 25% 12% 21% 3% 0.7% 2002 39% 7.2% 19.1% 16.2% 16.6% 1.9%

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Whats Hot, Whats Not ?

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The Futures Orange !

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Global Land Temperature is Rising

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Increase in Global CO2 Concentrations

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Key to Understanding: POLLUTION Fine Particles Reduce Visibility

Chicago - Summer 2000. Clear Day : PM 2.5 < 5 g/m3

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Chicago - Summer 2000. Hazy Day : PM 2.5 > 35 g/m3

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POLLUTION CONTROL
OUTPUT CONTROL: pollution control technologies, deal with pollutants after produced INPUT CONTROL: pollution prevention, dont make the pollutant

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A Journey Towards Zero Emission

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Zero Emission
Introduction What is a zero emission plant? Technology to control PM/SPM Some technologies for SOX/NOx reduction Combustion modifications Clean up systems Technologies for CO2 capture CO2 sequestration
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CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES (CCTS)

To meet increasing demand of power with minimal environmental impact for sustainable development, adoption of clean coal technologies with enhanced power plant efficiency, fuel switching, use of washed coal, efficient pollution control systems and proper by-product and waste handling & utilization, is necessary.

Classification :
Pre-combustion Technologies : Ash, sulphur and other impurities (coal benefaction) ca n be reduced from the coal before it is burned End of pipe treatment (installation control equipments such as ESP, De NOx & De SOx systems) pollution

Post combustion technologies :

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Dealing with CO2 : CCS

Carbon capture and storage
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an approach to mitigating the contribution of fossil fuel emissions to global warming, based on capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from large point sources such as fossil fuel power plants. It can also be used to describe the scrubbing of CO2 from ambient air as a geo engineering technique. The carbon dioxide can then be permanently stored away from the atmosphere.

Capture Transport Storage (Sequestration)

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Capture

Transport

Storage
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Explaining CCS with an example : IGCC

An Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle, or IGCC, is a technology that turns coal into gas - synthesis gas (syngas). It then removes impurities from the coal gas before it is combusted. This results in lower emissions of sulfur dioxide, particulates and mercury. It also results in improved efficiency compared to conventional pulverized coal.

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IGCC Technology
Raw syngas from gasified coal run a gas turbine and exhaust gases generate steam for bottoming cycle As gasifier pressure is high (30 bar or so) syngas volumes are low, easy CO2 removal (pre GT combustion) Carbon conversion and Cold Gas Efficiency are important for overall cycle efficiency Syngas CV low- hence specific GT technology Gas turbines are high technology equipment
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IGCC without CCS

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IGCC with CCS

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Carbon capture: Pre combustion

In this technology, the fossil fuel is partially oxidized, in a gasifier. The resulting syngas (CO+H2+CO2+H2O) is shifted into CO2 and more H2. The resulting CO2 can be captured from a relatively pure exhaust stream. The H2 can now be used as fuel; the carbon dioxide is removed before combustion takes place. In this process methanol is produced from which CO2 can be separated easily. 95% CO2 is removed from this process.

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Post Combustion capture

In post-combustion, the CO2 is removed after combustion of the fossil fuel - this is the scheme that would be applied to conventional power plants. It captures 90% of CO2.
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Transportation
After capture, the CO2 must be transported to suitable storage sites. This is done by pipeline, which is generally the cheapest form of transport. In 2008, there were approximately 5,800 km of CO2 pipelines in the United States. These pipelines are currently used to transport CO2 to oil production fields where the CO2 is injected in older fields to produce oil. The injection of CO2 to produce oil is generally called "Enhanced Oil Recovery" or EOR. In addition, there are several pilot programs in various stages to test the longterm storage of CO2 in non-oil producing geologic formations.. Conveyor belt system or ships can also be used. These methods are currently used for transporting CO2 for other applications.
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STORAGE (SEQUESTRATION)
It is a family of methods for capturing and permanently isolating gases that could contribute to global climate change Stores CO2 removed from the atmosphere or captured from emissions and stores it in another form somewhere else (a carbon sink)

CARBON SEQUESTRATION WILL HAVE TO BE DEPLOYED VERY RAPIDLY AT AN ENORMOUS SCALE FOR SAFE GHG STABILIZATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE

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Carbon Sequestration: General Modes

Ocean Sequestration

Direct, deep-ocean injection

Geological Sequestration Saline Reservoirs Old Oil/Gas fields Coal Beds

Soil/Plant Sequestration Chemical Sequestration Creating terrestrial solids Creating hydrates Basalt injection Absorption into amine soln.
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Carbon Sequestration: General Modes

Ocean & Geological modes have the highest storage capacity, which would cover from 50 to >250 years of current emission volumes. They also have long term sequestration potential

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DOE, Carbon Sequestration Roadmap

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EXAMPLES of IGCC plants

Wabash IGCC plant (Indiana)

Tampa electric IGCC plant (Florida)

The German industrial area of Schwarze Pumpe, about 4 km south of the city of Spremberg, is the world's first CCS coal plant, which began operation September 9, 2008.
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Limitations of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) for Power Stations

Limitation Details
The technology is expected to use between 10 and 40% of the energy produced by a power station. .However even taking the fuel penalty into account overall levels of CO2 abatement remain high, at approximately 80-90% compared to a plant without CCS It is claimed that safe and permanent storage of CO2 cannot be guaranteed and that even very low leakage rates could undermine any climate mitigation effect. Greenpeace claim that CCS could lead to a doubling of plant costs. However CCS may still be economically attractive in comparison to other forms of low carbon electricity generation
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Energy penalty.

Permanence

Cost

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Emissions to air from plants with CCS (kg/(MWh))

Natural gas combined cycle Pulverized coal Integrated gasification combined cycle 97 (88%)

CO2

43 (-89%)

107 (87%)

NOX
SOX Ammonia

0.11 (+22%)
-

0.77 (+31%)
0.001 (99.7%)

0.1 (+11%)
0.33 (+17.9%) -

0.002 (before: 0) 0.23 (+2200%)

Based on [IPCC, 2005]. Between brackets the increase or decrease compared to a similar plant without CCS.
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A Comparison (cost $/ Kwhr )

Natural gas combined cycle Integrated gasification combined cycle

Pulverized coal

Without capture (reference plant)

0.03 - 0.05

0.04 - 0.05

0.04 - 0.06

With capture and geological 0.04 - 0.08 storage With capture and enhanced oil recovery. 0.04 - 0.07

0.06 - 0.10

0.06 - 0.09

0.05 - 0.08

0.04 - 0.08

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IGCC Plants in INDIA **

India took a step further to adopt clean technology for power generation with the foundation stone for an integrated gas combined cycle power plant being laid recently in Andhra Pradesh. The 125-mw IGCC plant proposed in Andhra Pradesh will come up at Vijayawada and will be developed by Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation Ltd in association with Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. The capital cost of an IGCC is around Rs 8 crore per MW, which twice that of a conventional combined cycle gas power plant. Reliance Industries is planning to build India's first integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power station. The company plans to build a pet-coke fed, 1,000-MW generating station in Jamnagar that will produce electrical power and hydrogen in addition to syngas for petrochemical production. The project is expected to be commissioned in two years.
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NTPC Future Plans

Inducting ultra supercritical units in its fleet Thus Increase in cycle efficiency :7.5% (compared to 500 MW Unit of std configuration) Further Increase in steam parameters of upcoming 500MW units Thus Increase in cycle efficiency 0.7% (compared to 500 MW Unit of standard configuration) Engaged in developing integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) for higher efficiency and lower environmental impact
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CONCLUSION & RECOMENDATION

It is obvious from above discussion that thermal Power plant may cause serious damage to ecology If proper eco-considerations are not timely incorporated. Use of effective pollution control equipment may Minimize adverse ecological impact.
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Its for us to observe, accept and tell others that we are dwelling on a time bomb. Lets diffuse it together

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