3500 professionals

12 years of Technical Expertise

Alliance With Global Leaders

High Tech Learning & Development Centre

Evolution Of 4G
1st Generation was introduced in early 80s and 2nd generation system in late 80s intended primarily for transmission of voice.The initial systems used analog frequency modulation where as the second as well as the subsequent mobile systems use digital communication techniques with time division multiplexing (TDM), frequency division multiplexing (FDM) or the code division multiple access (CDMA).

The third generation wireless systems which are just getting introduced in the world markets offer considerably higher data rates, and allow significant improvements over the 2G systems. The 3G Wireless systems were proposed to provide voice and paging services to provide interactive multimedia including teleconferencing and internet access and variety of other services.
However, these systems offer wide area network (WAN) coverage of 384 kbps peak rate and limited coverage for 2 Mbps. Hence providing broadband services would be one of the major goals of the 4G Wireless systems.

Major requirement driving architecture

3G (Including 2.5G, Sub3G)

Predominantly voice driven; data was always add on Wide area cell-based

4G
Converged data and voice over IP Hybrid: Integration of wireless LAN (WiFi, Bluetooth) and wide area 20 to 100 Mbps in mobile mode Higher frequency bands (28 GHz) 100 MHz (or more) All digital with packetized voice OFDM and MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier CDMA) Concatenated coding scheme

Network Architecture

Speeds Frequency Band

384 Kbps to 2 Mbps Dependent on country or continent (18002400 MHz) 5-20 MHz Circuit and Packet W-CDMA, 1xRTT, Edge Convolutional rate 1/2, 1/3

Bandwidth
Switching Design Basis Access Technologies Forward Error Correction

Component Design
IP

Optimized antenna design, multi-band adapters A number of air link protocols, including IP 5.0

Smarter Antennas, software multiband and wideband radios All IP (IPv6)

Accessing information anywhere, anytime, with a seamless connection to a wide range of information and services, and receiving a large volume of information, data, pictures, video, and so on, are the keys of the 4G infrastructures.

Based on the developing trends of mobile communication, 4G will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and quicker handoff and will focus on ensuring seamless service across a multitude of wireless systems and networks.

Application adaptability and being highly dynamic are the main features of 4G services of interest to users.

3500 professionals

12 years of Technical Expertise

Alliance With Global Leaders

High Tech Learning & Development Centre

3500 professionals

12 years of Technical Expertise

Alliance With Global Leaders

High Tech Learning & Development Centre

3500 professionals

12 years of Technical Expertise

Alliance With Global Leaders

High Tech Learning & Development Centre

The new 4G architecture is evolving with fewer nodes and a flatter structure, thus giving lower latency. That brings in for a requirement of an all-IP-based core network to support the high data throughput and is general enough to be accessed by the different radio access networks through gateway interfaces.
As a result, 4G is not so much about all new standards, but is instead based on existing technologies (e.g., WLAN, 2G, 2.5G, 3G, and satellite) being used to better advantage. 4G is the evolution beyond 3G which addresses the limitations seen so far while working to enhance the quality of service and increase the bandwidth to make better use of resources.

3500 professionals

12 years of Technical Expertise

Alliance With Global Leaders

High Tech Learning & Development Centre

The EPS architecture supports a base station and a core network

component. The EPS supports 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) as well as non-3GPP access. The flexibility of providing access to different radio types makes it possible for the core to evolve independently from access as a cost-effective IP environment.
The 4G core addresses mobility, security, and QoS through reuse of existing mechanisms while still trying to work on some mobility and handover issues. This IP-based core architecture enables location and QoS-based services for the users. The radio networks access the core through IP; circuit switching is totally absent. Voice service will be transferred over IP as packets along with the signaling and data. The IPbased infrastructure translates into lower setup cost.

3500 professionals

12 years of Technical Expertise

The 4G Gateway
Alliance With Global Leaders

High Tech Learning & Development Centre

The core network data plane node is the Gateway (GW) - Serving / Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway - and the control plane entity is called the MME (Mobility Management Entity). The MME and GW are separated by an open interface known as S11. The basic architecture is shown below.

3500 professionals

12 years of Technical Expertise

Alliance With Global Leaders

High Tech Learning & Development Centre

The MME takes care of Non Access Stratum (NAS) signaling, which includes protocols used for control purposes such as network attach, authentication, setting up of bearers, and mobility management. The GW manages the data plane, routing and forwarding the data packets and also storing and managing user context. The packet routing functions include: Packet screening IP header compression

Ciphering
Integrity protection Policy enforcement Lawful intercept

3500 professionals

12 years of Technical Expertise

Alliance With Global Leaders

High Tech Learning & Development Centre

DIAMETER
Diameter is an IETF protocol that unifies authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) transactions. Diameter improves immensely on its less secure, less mobile predecessor, RADIUS. Combining accounting and security features, Diameter supports the business end of mobile IP service providers, keeping authentication simple and strong while minimizing overall response times and network overhead

SCTP
The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a new, robust signal transmission technology for wireless communications. Designed by the IETF SIGTRAN working group, SCTP is the successor to the SS7 signaling protocol. SCTP's robustness stems from its capacity to maintain several data streams within a single connection. This makes SCTP ideally suited for connecting and monitoring wireless cell phone and Internet appliances. With SCTP, connections and signal paths can be actively monitored, and failures or losses of sessions can be instantly detected.

SLP
The Service Location Protocol (SLP) is an IETF standard that is designed to reduce the manual configuration of devices that you connect to, wirelessly or otherwise. "SLP provides a scalable framework for automatic resource discovery on IP networks," says Sun Microsystems Laboratories engineer Erik Guttman. What SLP protocols and technologies automate is the discovery and setup of network resources, such as printers, web servers, mail servers, and calendars, as well as fax machines, video cameras, file systems, backup tape drives, and just about any imaginable IP device.

OPENRAN

The IP radio access network (OpenRAN) is a new architecture for wireless radio access networks (RANs). The RAN is a network that bridges the radio link and the IP core network (the RAN performs the same role for CDMA and GSM radio networks as DSL or cable does between homes and the IP network in wired broadband). The IP-based RAN would replace ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), reducing the costs of RAN equipment and improving compatibility with the Internet.

Modes Available For Better Data Connectivity in 4G

Channel Access

Higher Layer Issues in 4G

Error control coding

Higher Layer Issues in 4G

4G is going to be a packet-based network. Since it would carry voice as well as internet traffic it should be able to provide different level of QoS. Other network level issues include Mobility Management, Congestion control, and QoS Guarantees

Error control coding

In 4G systems rate-adaptive coding schemes can be used which can make use of the channel information from the measured parameters or feedback from the Mobile Terminal (MT). A Hybrid ARQ scheme can be used to minimize the overhead in case of retransmission. Space time codes, multiple antennas systems like the smart antennas can be used to further improve the data rates.

Thank You for your time and Patience