OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS PREVENTION

&
FIRST AID

OCCUPATIONA HEALTH IS ESSENTIALLY A PREVENTIVE MEDICINE

It is a science of
Anticipation, Recognition, Evaluation and Control of

hazards arising in or from the work place which could

impaired the well being of the workers also taking into account the possible impact on the surrounding

community and the general environment

This is defined by the International Occupational Hygiene Association Byelaws as: 'Occupational Hygiene is the discipline of anticipating, recognizing, evaluating and controlling health hazards in the working environment with the objective of protecting worker health and well-being and safe guarding the community at large

In 1950 First session of joint committee of ILO and WHO was held, where occupation health was defined as Occupational health should aim at the
promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of
physical, mental and social well -being of workers in all occupation

The Occupational Safety and Health Act, known more generally as the OSH Act, was signed into law by President Richard M. Nixon on December 29, 1970.
It was landmark piece of legislation in terms of employee safety

occupational and safety act in India yet to come

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND MEDICINE

Occupational health is focused on health and not

the disease Occupational Medicine is focused on occupational illness identification and its managements

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
MAGNITUDE Hundreds of millions of people are working in the condition that breed ill health and are unsafe Each year work related injuries and diseases kill and estimated 1.1 million people world wide, which roughly equals the global annual no of deaths from malaria About 3,00000 Fatalities from 250 millions accidents happed in the work place annually, leading to partial or complete disability.

Workplace fatalities, injuries and illnesses remain at unacceptably high levels and involve an enormous and unnecessary health burden, suffering, and economic loss amounting to 45% of GDP. According to the ILO estimates for the year 2000 there are 2.0 million work-related deaths per year.

WHO estimates that there are only 10-15% of workers who have access to a basic standard of occupational health services

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AIMS TO

Protect health Preserve or maintained health

Promote health
Rehabilitate health

HEALTH HAZARDS

Any occupational event, potentially unwanted is a health hazard

TYPES OF OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS

Physical hazards Chemical hazards Biological hazards Mechanical / Electrical hazards

Psychosocial hazards

PHYSICAL HAZARDS
HEAT The direct effects of heat exposure are
Heat exhaustion heat stroke Burns

Heat cramp.

Temperature 69 to 80 degree F(20-27 C ) is the comfortable zone

COLD
[[[[[[

Important hazards associated with cold work

Frost bite Chilblains- Painful swelling & itching of the skin Immersion foot General hypothermia as a result of cutaneous vasoconstriction

LIGHT Effect of poor illuminations are : Headache Eye pain Lachrymation Congestion around the cornea Eye strain Eye fatigue

Exposure to excessive brightness is associated with

Discomfort, visual fatigue, blurring of vision and may lead to accidents.

VIBRATION
Vibration especially in the frequency of 10 to 500 HZ, can affect hand and arm after month of years of exposure

Advers effects are

The fine blood vessel of finger becomes

increasingly sensitive to spasm (white fingers).

Injuries of the joints, of the hands elbow and shoulders may take place

RADITION
A. Ultraviolet Radiation hazard- Seen in work with arc welding and mainly affects the eyes. Exposure to such radiation may lead to conjunctivitis and keratitis (Welder s flash)

B.

Ionizing radiation hazards

Aneamia Leukemia Cancer Sterility Foetal Malformation in case of pregnancy Ulceration In extreme cases death can take place

NOISE Industrial noise can give rise to deafness Non auditory effects are irritation, nervousness,
annoyance, fatigue, inefficiency

Acceptable Noise Level (dba)

Residential Commercial Bed Room Living Room Office Conference Restaurants Workshop Laboratory Class Room Library Wards 25 40 35-45 40-45 40-60 40-60 40-50 30-40 35-45 20-35

Industrial

Educational
Hospital

CHEMICAL HAZARDS
LOCAL ACTION
eczema dermatitis Cancer

INHALATION 1. Organic dust

Size ranging from 0.1 to 150 microns. Particle smaller than micron is called respirable dust and is directly inhaled into the lung and mainly responsible for pneumoconiosis in the different form depending upon the type of dust like Silika- silicosis, Asbestos-asbestosis- Irorn- sidrosis
Silica- Silicosis, Asbestors- Asbestosis, Iron Siderosis

Inorganic dus
Cane fiber - Bagassosis Cotton - Byssinosis Tobacco - Tobacossis

Incidents of pneumoconiosis depends upon the following factors Size of dust particle
Chemical composition Duration of exposure- incubation period may range from few

months to 6 yr
Individual susceptibility

Sign and Symptoms Irritative cough

Dysnaea (difficulty in breathing) Pain in the chest

2. Gases -

Gases are the common hazards in many industries leads to suffocation and asphyxia.

Asphyxiating gases are Carbon Monoxide, Cyanide,

Sulphur dioxide, Chlorine etc.

3.

Metals and compounds Toxic hazards are seen from

Lead, Mercury, Chromium, Arsenic etc.

4.

Chemicals Acid, Alkali and Pesticides.- they can

dermatitis, burn, GIT symptoms and in extreme cases even death

LEAD
Sources
1. Occupational source- Industries 2. Non occupational source- Gasoline exhausted from automobiles

Body store- 150-400 mug Blood level- 25mug/100, Lead poisoning

a. b. c. Inhalation of fumes and dust Ingestion from food and drink and through contaminated hand Absorption of org compound (Tetra ethyl) of lead through skin

Blood level more than 70 mug/100 Symptomsa. b. c. d. e. f. Insomnia, confusion and mental delirium Abdominal colic, obstinate constipation, Loss of appetite Blue line on the gums Anemia Foot and wrist drop

MECHANICAL / ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

Accident

Fall
Injury Electricity burn Electric shock.

ACCIDENT

ACCIDENT
An unexpected and undesirable event, especially one resulting in damage or harm to the man kind /properties. An unforeseen, unanticipated or unpredictable incident that may interfere with normal functions or cause logical or physical damage An accident at work is defined as an external, sudden and violent event, during the execution of work or arising out of it, which causes damage to the Health/ Property or loss of the life

EMERGENCY
A condition determined clinically or considered by patient or relative or representative requiring immediate medical aids failing which may results in loss of life or limb

TRAUMA
An injury or wound to a living body caused by the application external force or violence

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
A. Human factor
Physical capability Sex- Women are known to have less accident than man Age- Younger age known to involve more in accident than older age group Time- Numbers of Accidents are minimum at the beginning of the day Experience- First 6 month- 50% accidents Next 6 month- 23% accidents Next 6 month - 3% accidents Working hour - Long working hour associated with more accident Psychological ignorance, fatigue, stress, carelessness

B. Environmental factor
Temperature, humidity, noise, poor illumination, unsafe machine, poorly maintained machine

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Inset bite
Dog bite

Snake bite
Exposure to infective and parasitic agents

Factors

PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS

Maladjustment with work environment. Lack of job satisfaction Insecurity Emotional tension Poor human relationships

Behaviors changes
Anxiety/Depression Sickness absentees

Health problems
Fatigue Headache Hypertension Heart disease Peptic ulcer

PREVENTION

Approaches & Concepts

Hazard Identification Exposure Assessment Ambient Personal Human

Hazard Identification
Walk through Surveys

Visual Inspection
Observing people at work Industrial Hygiene measurements

TYPS OF OCCUPATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

Man v/s physical ,chemical and biological agent

Man v/s Machine

Man v/s Man

PREVENTIVE MEASURES
Physical hazards
Application of ergonomics Maintenance of temperature- temperature of 69 to 80 deg. F is the comfortable zone Proper ventilation Good housekeeping

Proper illumination
Personal protection Personal hygiene

Health education
Job rotation Periodic health Check up

ERGONOMICS

Fitting the job to the worker

Object To achieve the mutual adjustment of man and his work, for the improvement of human efficiency and well being

ENGINEERING MEASURES
Design of building Local Exhaust Ventilation Statistical monitoring Environmental monitoring Good Housekeeping General Ventilation Mechanization Enclosure Isolation Protective devices Substitution Research

PROTECTION FROM NOISE

Keep noisy area away and isolated Keep machine oiled balanced and tight Barrier should be installed at places to safe guard the human ears from the damage Ear plugs / ear muffs to be provided to workers

in the noisy areas of the factory

Noise less technique to be used in the industry as much as possible

Aumatic technique would keep the humans in

the operating chamber, away from the Noisy machines

PREVENTION OF PEUMOCONIOSIS
1. Dust controlProper Ventilation Exhaust Enclosed apparatus Good house keeping

2. Personnel protection Mask, clothing, cloves, apron, boots barrier cream etc 3. Personal hygiene 4. Health education about respiratory evolvement and personal protection 5. Medical control Periodic medical check up for early detection

6. Bagasse control Spraying with 2% propionic acid Keep the moisture content around 20%

MECHANICAL HAZARD
Prevention
Preventive maintenance Adequate job training Ensuring safe working environments Establishment of safety department with qualified safety engineer Periodic survey for finding out hazards Application of ergonomics

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Prevention
Personal Protection Post Control

PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS
Prevention
Good induction program.
Management by participation. Establishment of Proper communication channel. Establishment of Healthy personnel policies Establishment of healthy HR relationship. Regular stress management program.

HAZARD WITH WORKING ON COMPUTOR

1. Repetitive stress injury

2. Eye strain

REPETITIVE STRESS INJURY

Improper use of keyboard and mouse can cause ailments generally referred to as REPETITIVE STRESS INJURIES (RSI) :- involve wrists, arms, neck, back, shoulders and fingers

Symptoms
Soreness/shooting pain/ burning sensations in wrist, shoulders, hands, arms, elbows & finger Numbness, tingling or any weaknesses in the arms or hands

Stiffness and aches in these parts including the upper back /neck.
Loss of coordination or strength in hands. Waking up with stiff, numb or very cold hands in the morning. Any pain in the arms, elbows, wrists or fingers that wakes you up or stops you from sleeping Neck, shoulder or upper back pain when using the computer

Repetitive stress injury.cont

Prevention
Proper typing is one of the best ways to prevent RSI.
- Use both hand one hand for hitting letter key, and the index finger of the opposite hand to hit the Shift. - keep your hands moving freely above the keyboard Sit centered over the part of the keyboard you use the most The mouse should be placed near the keyboard

EYE SRAAIN
Looking at the monitor for a long periods can cause eyestrain. It may be experienced as:Burning

of vision, sharp pains or dull pains, watering, double vision,

headaches, and other sensations.

Major factors affecting the Eyes of a computer user are:Glare Luminance Distance between eye and screen, Readability of the screen and document.

User's vision and his/her corrective lenses.

Eye straincont

PREVENTION

Keep the monitor as for away as you can read comfortably

low monitor to be more comfortable for the eyes and neck
Proper lighting for the work area - Lighting should be indirect and even. - A tillable monitor stand will help to adjust to different lights - Don't aim a light at your reference documents Keep monitor screen clean, wipe it with a slightly wet cloth every day

before you start

The brightness and contrast control of the monitor should be set

properly for comfortable viewing

blinking of eyes in between Proper posture- Sitting upright is less desirable than reclining. Take a break-

30-second breaks every ten minutes or so

STRESS
WHAT IS STRESS ?
Stress is produced when the human body or mind is

acted upon by forces that disrupt its equilibrium and

produces strain. When our system is unable to handle this it produces pathological changes and disease

STRESS MANAGEMENT TIPS

Ways to tune out, calm down and revitalization

Zero In On Stresses Summarizing whats Wrong in two or three word Keep a Diary Time Your Troubles Drive Yourself to Diversion Dont pressurize yourself Establish Your Priority Set Mini Goal Look on the Bright Side Feed Your Body Right Less Fat and Avoid Alcohol Keep The Beat Stretch for Relief / Physical exercise Take a Break

FIRST AID

FIRST AID
First Aid is the initial assistance / care / treatment administered by a concerned person to a casualty for any injury or sudden illness, before the arrival of a doctor or before the evacuation of the victim to a safe place, that some times means the difference between life and death or between a full or partial recovery.

Aim of first aid

To Preserve life To prevent the condition worsening To promote recovery

Principle adopted in first aid

Immediate Action Clean composed and deliberate action

Scope of first aid

Find out the Cause based on the following - History - Symptoms (what the casualty complains off) - Signs (what the first aider observes) Treatment

Disposal

Golden rules of first aid

Remember the ABC of life A is for Airway B is for breathing C is for circulation Check and stop bleeding (hemorrhage) Prevention and treatment of shock. Immobilize the broken bones. Removal of the cause of injury / illness. Keep unconscious patient in recovery position. Nothing by mouth to unconscious and abdominal injury cases. Spinal injuries need careful handling and transfer on steel stretchers. No over doing. You are only a First Aider. Prompt transfer of the casualty to a safe place i.e. hospital / clinic

First aid for wounds

Lie the casualty Clean your hands.

Inspect the wound for any fracture

Stop bleeding if any Apply antisceptic cream or lotion and apply sterile dressing; Immobilize the limb in case of fracture

How to stop bleeding (a)

By direct pressure :
Make the patient lie down Apply direct pressure over the wound or bleeding point with the thumb fingers or palm preferably over a sterile dressing or pad for about 5 minutes. If the bleeding does not stop after about 5 minutes then put an additional pad and bandage firmly. Raise the injured limb above the level of the patients heart. Secure and support the injured part.

(b)

By indirect pressure :

Indirect pressure may be applied above the bleeding

point but not should not for more than 10 minutes. No such pressure for wounds of head, neck or torso.

Bleeding from tongue, cheek

Clean the tongue and the cheeks (inside) and give ice cubes to suck. Do not give any warm things.

BLEEDING FROM NOSE

Mark the patient sit on a chair with head slightly bent forward in an airy place. Loosen the clothes of neck and chest. Advise the patient to breathe through mouth. Patient should not try to speak, swallow, cough. Spit or sniff as this may disturb the blood clot. Nose should be kept pinched with thumb, and forefinger. Cold compresses over nose and forehead may help. Do not remove clot from nose. No plugs are to be used. If bleeding persists for more than 30 minutes, the patient must be sent to a hospital.

SHOCK
Shock is a life-threatening condition that can be caused by severe bleeding, an injury or sudden

illness. The circulatory system fails to carry oxygenrich blood to all body parts of the body It is basically a circulatory failure resulting in cessation or

depression of vital functions of body.

Cont

CAUSES OF SHOCK
Bleeding Fractures Spinal injury Asphyxia Burns and scalds Sepsis Poisoning Snake bite Acute gastro enteritis (excessive diarrhea and vomiting) Contd..

Symptoms

Feeling of coldness.
Sweating. May be difficulty in breathing. vomiting

Thirst. Signs Face and lips are pale.

Cold and clammy (moist) skin

Restlessness, anxiety, confusion Rapid and weak (feeble) pulse. Dry tongue. Short rapid breathing. Unconsciousness in sever shock.
Contd..

FIRST AID MEASURES

If external bleeding try to stop it.
Lie him keeping the head low and foot end raised supporting his legs Loosen tight clothing of neck, chest and waist. Put blankets to keep him warm. Do not give him drinks or eats since he may need to be given anaesthesia later on for any operation. Lips can be moistened if he complains of thirst. In case of gastroenteritis, oral rehdration Do not let him move. Check pulse, breathing and level of consciousness. ABC, if required. Put him in recovery position if unconscious. Arrange for immediate transfer to a hospital.

SEVERE BURNS
Remove the burn source Cool the burned area with cold water (not ice) or wrap the victim in a cotton blanket or rug Cloth compression on burns of the hands, feet and face, but do not leave on longer than 15-20 minutes Check airway, breathing and pulse and resuscitation if required. Gently remove belts, rings, shoes Remove clothing but only if does not stick to burned area. If the arms and legs are burned elevate them above heart level Cover the burned area with clean cloth/ sterile dressing Treat shock, if present Immediate evacuation to hospital.

Burns with Acid And Alkali

Signs and symptoms Severe burning of mouth and throat Difficult in swallowing and breathing Sever abdominal pain Thirst Shock

Dark closured and blood vomiting

First aid
Immediately remove contaminated clothing. Wash with sodabicarb solution(2 teaspoons

baking powder in one pint of water) and in case of

alkali burn wash with weak solution of vinegar. Again wash with water.

Cover with sterile dressing

Transfer to hospital.

ASPHYXIA
Asphyxia or suffocation is condition of partial or complete stoppage of breathing due to lack oxygenation in the blood. Brain cells start to die if oxygen supply is interrupted for just there minutes.

Important causes

Lack of Oxygen in the Air

Obstruction of the Air Passage Failure of Respiratory Mechanism Depression of Respiratory Centre

Signs and symptoms

Rapid distressed breathing and gasping Blueness (cyanosis) of the skin, face lips, nails, ears and nose. Swollen neck veins

Confusion, irritability and gradual loss of

consciousness. If hypoxia continues and is not reversed, breathing and heart may stop.

First Aid measures Immediate removal of cause or remove casualty from

the cause. Artificial respiration or CPR if required Treat shock. Immediate transfer to a hospital If unconscious. Transfer in the recovery position.

Suffocation by smoke Cover your mouth and nose with wet cloth or
handkerchief before entering the room where the casualty is. Always crawl or keep low while entering the place. Open all the windows and doors. Remove the casualty to the open balcony or courtyard. Artificial respiration, if required.

FIRST AID FOR INHALATION OF CLORINE

Remove the casualty in fresh air. Immediately to an open area Clothes are to be loosened and shoes should be removed. Patient should be placed on his back with head and back elevated and kept warm.

Milk, butter milk, lime juice, etc. may be given in mild cases, for relief from throat irritation
Nothing by mouth to an unconscious patient. If liquid chlorine or chlorinated water has contaminated skin or clothing give emergency shower.
Contd..

 Skin areas should be washed with soap and water.

No attempt should be made to neutralized chlorine with chemical. No ointments should be applied for 24 hours. If eyes have been affected washed with running water for at least 15 minutes Give 2 or 3 drops of o.5% solution of pontocaine or other effective topical anesthetic in the affected eyes In case of Swallowing of liquid chlorine immediately give lime water, milk of magnesia or fresh water to drink.

No attempt should be made to induce vomiting a physician must be called in immediately.

MOUTH TO MOUTH RESPIRATION

Lie the casualty on his back (face up) on floor on table. Kneel on one side of the casualty. Remove any obvious obstruction in the mouth by passing a finger quickly inside. eg. foreign body, false teeth, vomited matter etc. Tilt the patients head well back (Head Tilt) with one hand and hold the chin up with the other hand (Chin Lift) this will open the airway lifting the tongue Pinch the nose with thumb and index fingers of the casualty with the hand which is on the head. Take a deep breath and place your moth over the casualtys mouth. Your lips should fully seal the casualtys mouth. Blow into the casualtys mouth gently until you see the chest rise indicating entry of air into the lungs. It takes about two seconds for full inflation. Remove your mouth and wait for the chest to sink back to its usual position. Take a deep breath and blow again.

Repeat the procedure 10-15 times per minute.

Mouth to Mouth Respiration

CARDIO PULMONARY RESUSCITAION (CPR)

Before starting external cardiac compression, (blow) on the lower part of sternum.
Knee down on one side of the patient.

give a strong sharp thump

Put the patient on hard surface on his back (face up).

Locate lower tip of the patients breast bone (sternum) and place two fingers of your left hand on it.
Move the heel of right hand (never the palm) against the 2 fingers . Place the heel of the left hand over the right and interlock the fingers.

Press sternum directly with smooth firm thrusts and hold for half a second
Then lift your weight relaxing pressure sharply and completely. Do not remove your hands from the chest Repeat this rhythmic compression press release press release 80 -100 times a minute (minimum is 60 per minute). Do not apply external cardiac compression if the patient is conscious. Do not apply too much pressure as it may cause ribs fracture.

cont.

1. Call for Ambulance

How it works
It involves rhythmic application of pressure so as to compress the heart between the breast bone (sternum) and the spine, Compression expels the blood from the hearts chambers. On removal of compression, the chest rises and the blood is sucked in to refill the heart.
Cont

How to do CPR if alone Artificial respiration 2 times and then external cardiac compression 15 to 2 rhythm.
How to do CPR if 2 persons are There One person should do artificial respiration and the other person should do chest compression. Give one breath after every five chest compressions.

SNAKE BITE

SNAKE BITE
Signs and Symptoms
Presence of fang marks. Two or four means a poisonous snake bite ; continuous teeth mark of 8 or 4 means a non-poisonous snake bite. Dull, numbing pain and swelling at the bite site. May be slight bleeding at the sting site Painful cramps and muscle stiffness in the abdomen or shoulders, chest and back. Nausea, vomiting Giddiness. Restless, drowsiness ,breathless, convulsions fever, chills, sweating Foam from the mouth. Person may become unconscious. Contd..

First Aid
Reassure the patient. Immediate application of the broad bandage (preferably crape bandage) above the bitten area. Immobilize the limb with splints. Wash thoroughly the bitten area with water or soap and water. Arrange quickest evacuation to a hospital.

Donts
Do not let the patient walk, run or shout. Do not excise or burn the wound of bite. Do not let the patient sleep. Do not apply tourniquet. Do not give alcohol.

DOG BITE
Thorough washing of the bitten part with soap and water. Even licks should be washed. If the wound is swollen, apply ice wrapped in a towel for ten minutes. Cover wounds with sterile dressings and send to hospital / clinic.

TICK BITES
Remove any ticks found on the skin.

Pull gently and carefully ticks mouth part not to crush the tick because the secretions released any spread disease.
Wash the wound area with soap and water Apply clod compress to relieve pain and swelling

Apply calamine lotion to relieve itching.

HEAD INJURIES
OPEN a head injury with an associated head wound. CLOSED with on obvious sing of injury CONCUSSION

is a closed head injury, of all the

head injuries, this is the most insidious, casualty.

Contd..

Signs and symptoms

History of trauma

Head wounds Deformation and / or crepitus of the skull Altered level of consciousness Evidence of CSF leaking from ears or nose May have unequal pupils Headache Raccoon eyes or Battles sign Nausea and / or vomiting Restlessness and irritability, confusion Blurred or double vision Snoring respirations if unconscious

Care and treatment

ABC

Call for an ambulance Treat any wounds Complete rest Head injury without any symptoms should be watch for at least 24 hr
If unconscious or drowsy, put casualty in the stable side

position while supporting the cervical spine

Allow any CSF to drain freely if in stable side position, put that side down with a pad over the ear

HEART ATTACK AND ANGINA

Factors
Lack of exercise Smoking Poor diet High blood pressure Hereditary Strain and stress

High cholesterol
Cont

Signs and symptoms

Pale, cool skin Chest pain or discomfort, possibly after exertion, a heavy meal or stress crushing, or vice-like pain, usually in the centre of the chest, sometimes also in the jaw and arm sweating rapid, irregular, or weak pulse rapid, shallow respirations, or difficulty breathing nausea and/or vomiting may feel the need to pass a bowel motion lethargy
Contd..

Care and treatment

ABC Call for an ambulance Position of comfort, usually sitting Complete rest Reassurance Assist with medication Discourage visit to the toilet/do not allow to walk.

Care and treatment ABC

Call for an ambulance

Position of comfort, usually sitting & supported Do not elevate legs Reassurance

TREATMENT OF FRACTURES
Principles of treatment
Treat fractures on the spot. Immobilization of the fracture. (a) By bandages (Triangular or roller) (b) By splints For open fractures treat the bleeding and the wound Treat shock if present. Always be gentle in handling fractures

DONTS
Do not try to set broken bones. Do not let him walk unless injury is of upper arm. Do not try to push in a protruding bone. Do not evacuate spinal fracture cases on a canvas stretcher. Do not move casualty unless injured part is secured / supported. Arrange medical aid or evacuation.

FIRST AID FOR FRACTURE OF SPINE

Do not let the victim attempt to move. Greatest care be taken not to bend neck or back. Transfer the victim to a hard stretcher (not canvas stretcher). Fix the victim on the stretcher with the blankets round him. The victim should always be transported in supine (face upwards) position.

FIRST AID FOR FRACTURE OF RIBS

Apply two broad bandages round the chest firmly
without removing the dress.

Ask the patient to breathe out and then tie the knots below the arm pit on the uninjured side.
Support the arm on the injured side with a sling.

Lay the casualty with the head and the shoulders raised and the body inclined towards the injured side.

FIRST AID FOR FRACTURE OF CLAVICLE

Place the arm on the injured side across the chest. Support the arm in an elevated sling by a triangular bandage. Secure the arm to the chest with abroad bandage over the sling. Transfer in sitting position.

FIRST AID FOR FRACTURE OF THIGH BONE

Apply a long splint on the inner side of the affected limb from groin to heel. Apply an outer longer splint from armpit to heel. Apply Bandages at six places to fix the two splints - At the chest - At the Hip Joint - Above the fracture - Below the fracture side - At the knees. - At the middle of legs At ankle (tie feet and ankles together with figure of 8 bandage) If nothing is available for splints. Use the second uninjured leg as splint.

FIRST AID FOR DISLOCATION

Do not try to reduced the dislocation
Apply split and bandage

FIRST AID FOR SPRAIN

Rest the injured part.
Apply Ice or cold compress. Compress the injury (with thick layer of cotton wool secured by a bandage). Elevate the injured part.

Thank You