Code Division Multiple Access

(CDMA)

AMIT N. DHIMAN HIMALINI MEENAKSHI PREM SHANKAR PRASAD SAROJ

What is CDMA?

A multiple access method in which the radio spectrum is divided into channels and how channels are allocated to the many users of the system For radio systems there are two resources, frequency and time

May 23, 2012

FDMA ,TDMA & CDMA

Division by frequency, so that each pair of communicators is allocated part of the spectrum for all of the time, results in Frequency Division Multiple Access . Division by time, so that each pair of communicators is allocated all (or at least a large part) of the spectrum for part of the time results in Time Division Multiple Access . In Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), every communicator will be allocated the entire spectrum all of the time. CDMA uses codes to identify connections. May 23, 2012 3

TECHNOLOGIES USED:

CDMA uses a technology called direct sequence spread spectrum to provide more conversations for a given amount of bandwidth and digital service. Unique digital codes, rather than separate RF frequencies or channels, are used to differentiate subscribers. The codes are shared by both the mobile station (cellular phone) and the base station, and are called "Pseudo-Random Code Sequences." All users share the same range of radio spectrum.

May 23, 2012

SPREAD SPECTRUM

FREQUENCY HOPPING this technology works by transmitting data on ever-changing frequencies in a pseudo-random pattern . DIRECT SEQUENCE this technology divides each bit of information into smaller units called chips which are then broadcast simultaneously on a large number of channels.

May 23, 2012

How CDMA WORKS

CDMA uses codes to convert between analog voice signals and digital signals. CDMA uses unique spreading codes to spread the baseband data before transmission

May 23, 2012

5 STEPS IN GENERATING CDMA SIGNAL

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

analog to digital conversion vocoding encoding and interleaving channelizing the signals conversion of the digital signal to a Radio Frequency (RF) signal
7

May 23, 2012

May 23, 2012

Voice Compression

CDMA uses a device called a vocoder to accomplish voice compression. The term "vocoder" is a contraction of the words "voice" and "code." Vocoders are located at the BSC and in the phone.

May 23, 2012

Variable Rate Vocoder

A CDMA vocoder varies compression of the voice signal into one of four data rates based on the rate of the user's speech activity. The four rates are: Full, 1/2, 1/4 and 1/8.

May 23, 2012

10

VOCODER TYPES

CDMA systems can use either an 8 kbps (kilobytes per second) or a 13 kbps vocoder. The earliest CDMA systems used the 8kbps vocoder to maximize capacity. The 13 kbps vocoder was later developed to provide a more land-line quality voice signal. The great improvement in quality was worth the slight reduction in capacity.

May 23, 2012

11

Encoding and interleaving

Encoders and interleavers are built into the BTS and the phones. The purpose of the encoding and interleaving is to build redundancy into the signal so that information lost in transmission can be recovered.

May 23, 2012

12

How encoding works

May 23, 2012

13

A digital message consists of four bits (A, B, C, D) of vocoded data. Each bit is repeated three times. These encoded bits are called symbols The decoder at the receiver uses a majority logic rule. Thus, if an error occurs, the redundancy can help recover the lost information A burst error is a type of error in received digital telephone signals. Burst errors occur in clumps of adjacent symbols. These errors are caused by fading and interference.
May 23, 2012 14

How interleaving works

May 23, 2012

15

Interleaving is a simple but powerful method of reducing the effects of burst errors and recovering lost bits De-interleaving at the receiver unscrambles the bits, spreading any burst errors that occur during transmission.

May 23, 2012

16

Channelizing

May 23, 2012

17

The encoded voice data is further encoded to separate it from other encoded voice data. The encoded symbols are then spread over the entire bandwidth of the CDMA channel. This process is called channelization The receiver knows the code and uses it to recover the voice data.

May 23, 2012

18

CDMA CODINGS
Walsh codes: Walsh codes provide a means to uniquely identify each user on the forward link. Walsh codes have a unique mathematical property-they are "orthogonal." PN codes : Pseudorandom Noise (PN) codes uniquely identify users on the reverse link. The PN codes used in CDMA yield about 4.4 trillion combinations of code. This is a key reason why CDMA is so secure.
May 23, 2012 19

Digital to Radio Frequency (RF) conversion

May 23, 2012

The BTS combines channelized data from all calls into one signal. It then converts the digital signal to a Radio Frequency (RF) signal for transmission

20

Digital to analog conversion

After the CDMA signal is transmitted, the receiver must reverse the signal generation process to recover the voice, as follows: 1. Conversion of RF signal to digital signal 2. Despreading the signal 3. Deinterleaving and decoding 4.Voice decompression

May 23, 2012

21

Pros and Cons of GSM and CDMA

Advantages of GSM 1. Increased radio spectrum efficiency to provide even greater network capacity (Which means it can support a high amount of subscribers!) 2. Provides highly sophisticated subscriber authentication, which reduces the possibility of fraud 3. Automatic location of mobile subscribers 4. Increased flexibility and utility using the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) Card
May 23, 2012 22

Disadvantages of GSM
GSM is not currently supported in all areas of the United States 2. The cost of equipment for either an AMPS or DAMPS is less expensive than GSM implementation 3. Strict standards imposed by GSM regulations may inhibit creativity in advancing the technology 4. GSM is not compatible with AMPS technology
1.

May 23, 2012

23

Advantages of CDMA
1. 2.

3.
4. 5. 6. 7.

Improved Call Quality and Reduced Audible Effects of Multipath Fading Swift Deployment and Greater Coverage for Lower Cost Less Power Required for Transmission Smaller Phones Fewer Dropped Calls Improved Security and Privacy Increased Data Throughput Product Selection and Enhanced Services
May 23, 2012 24

Disadvantages of CDMA

The only disadvantage at this point to CDMA that has been brought to light is the fact that it is not in use as widely as GSM so roaming can be a problem, especially internationally.

May 23, 2012

25

CDMA can co-exist with analog systems because more and more phones are manufactured to provide dual-mode operations . Dual-mode cellular phones can work on both digital and analog network

May 23, 2012

26

CONCLUSION:

It has gained widespread international acceptance by cellular radio system operators as an upgrade that will dramatically increase both their system capacity and the service quality It has likewise been chosen for deployment by the majority of the winners of the United States Personal Communications System spectrum auctions.

May 23, 2012

27

THANK YOU

May 23, 2012

28