Hormones

By Dr.Manar Alshbrawi Shoieb Zoo care Click to edit Master subtitle style By Dr.Manar Alshbrawi Shoieb Zoo care

Hormo nes

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Introduction

Hormones are

like

orders to your cells to do particular things. chemicals that are

Messengers in your body that give

They are

(manufactured by glands and released into the bloodstream, sort of holding a sign up with a type of cell's name on it (like a limo driver at the airport waiting to pick up a client.)

##Here are some things that hormones do for the body. ##

Remember, though, they are only the "messengers" that start the cells into action. They go out into the body when told to by a higher power (the gland) and it's the cell that actually does the work. make people grow or stop growing,* make people feel happy or sad,* speed up or slow down the metabolism,* *starting puberty, *starting menopause,

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Hormones

are produced by the endocrine glands in the body. These glands are also called 'ductless glands' meaning that the glands directly empty the hormones into the bloodstream. There are four types of hormones, namely, *steroid, lipid, *protein and *amino acid hormones*.

Hormones control the various

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Zoo care

Manar alshabrw i
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G H (growth hormone)

Growth hormone (GH) is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction and

regeneration in animals

*Effects of growth hormone on the tissues of the body can generally be described as anabolic (building up). Like most other protein hormones, GH acts by interacting with a specific receptor on the surface of cells. 5/24/12

Growth hormone has many other effects on the body:

Increases calcium retention, and strengthens and increases the mineralization of bone Increases muscle mass through sarcomere hyperplasia Promotes lipolysis Increases protein synthesis Stimulates the growth of all internal organs excluding the brain 5/24/12

Control of Growth Hormone Secretion

Production of growth hormone is modulated by many factors:including stress, exercise, nutrition, sleep and growth hormone itself. However, its primary controllers are two hypothalamic hormones and one hormone from the stomach.
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*Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) is a hypothalamic peptide that stimulates both the synthesis and secretion of growth hormone. *Somatostatin (SS) is a peptide produced by several tissues in the body, includingthe hypothalamus. Somatostatin inhibits growth hormone release in response to GHRH and to other stimulatory factors such as low blood glucose concentration. *Ghrelin is a peptide hormone secreted from the stomach. Ghrelin binds to receptors on somatotrophs and potently stimulates secretion of growth hormone *Growth hormone secretion is also
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Disease States

Clinically, deficiency in growth hormone or defects in its binding to receptor are seen as growth retardation or dwarfism. The manifestation of growth hormone deficiency depends upon the age of onset of the disorder and can result from either heritable or acquired disease.

The effect of excessive secretion of growth hormone is also very 5/24/12 dependent on the age of onset

The effect of excessive secretion of growth hormone is also very dependent on the age of onset and is seen as two distinctive disorders:

Giantism is the result of excessive

growth hormone secretion that begins in young children It is a very rare disorder.

Acromegaly results from excessive secretion of growth hormone in 5/24/12

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Oxytocine

Oxytocin has long been recognized as the hormonal neuropeptide

associated with "Cupid's Arrow" -- the palpable phenomenon of feeling "lovestruck." Recent research indicates that Oxytocin is also correlated to issues of trust. High levels of Oxytocin correlate to high levels of trust. Low levels of Oxytocin correlate to wariness and mistrust.

Oxytocin is best known for its roles in *sexual reproduction, *in particular during and after childbirth& control bleeding after childbirth. *It is released in large amounts after distension of the cervix and 5/24/12 uterus during labor, facilitating birth,

Actions

##Actions within the brain##

##Peripheral (hormonal) actions## ************************************* *****************

Peripheral (hormonal) actions

1-Letdown reflex in lactating ( breastfeeding) mothers, oxytocin 5/24/12 acts at the mammary glands,

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Peripheral (hormonal) actions

2-Uterine contraction important for cervical dilation before birth and causes contractions during the second and third stages of labor . This also serves to assist the uterus in clotting the placental attachment point postpartum

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Peripheral (hormonal) actions

3-Wound healing Oxytocin is also thought to modulate inflammation by decreasing certain cytokines. They found that increases in plasma oxytocin following a social interaction were correlated with faster wound healing. They hypothesized that this was due to oxytocin reducing inflammation, thus allowing the wound to heal faster.
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Patients with congestive failure or decreased renal function are not good candidates for oxytocin therapy, because of its cause fluid retention.

Oxytocin helps to stimulate microcirculation, thereby potentially increasing body temperature which can make some patients feel warm

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Uses of Oxytocin
*The primary use of oxytocin is to induce labor in animals having weak or no contractions. The drug enhances uterine contractions at the time of fetal delivery. *Oxytocin is also used medically to expel any residual placental material that might be left in the uterus. This may prevent the subsequent 5/24/12 development of metritis.

While generally safe and effective when prescribed by a veterinarian, oxytocin can cause side effects in some animals. Oxytocin should not be used in animals with known hypersensitivity or allergy to the drug. Oxytocin may interact with other medications. Consult with your veterinarian to determine if other drugs your pet is receiving could interact with oxytocin. Oxytocin should not be used if the fetus is in an abnormal position or is too large to pass through the birth canal. Oxytocin should only be used if the cervix is dilated. Oxytocin should not be used if an animal has uncorrected low blood sugar or untreated low blood 5/24/12

Precautions and Side Effects

Dosing Information
There is a wide dose range for oxytocin, depending on the stage of labor. Typically, oxytocin is given to dogs and cats at a dose of 2 to 20 units I\v or I\M At least 30 minutes should elapse before giving another dose.. **You should not give the oxytocin unless the dog's contractions are not strong enough and I would never give this early. If she is just starting labor, I would not use it. Using it too soon can cause too strong of contractions too fast and possibly cause uterine inertia as a result instead of helping with the condition. Oxytocin is best used later in the whelping process and ultimately after whelping to help clean your girl out. In most cases, oxytocin is not needed and is best used only after an x-ray has been done to determine that the pup is 5/24/12 in a good position for its use and that a c-section is not

ADH

Antidiuretic hormone, also known commonly as arginine vasopressin, is a nine amino acid peptide secreted from the posterior pituitary. Within hypothalamic neurons, the hormone is packaged in secretory vesicles with a carrier protein

called neurophysin, and both are released upon hormone secretion.

Physiologic Effects of Antidiuretic Hormone

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Receptors

Below is a table summarizing some of the actions of AVP (arginine vasopressin=ADH )at its four receptors, differently expressed in different tissues and exerting different actions: 5/24/12

Actions

Locations

Second messenger Type system

Vasoconstriction, gluconeogenesis, liver, kidney, Phosphatidylinositol AVPR1A platelet aggregation, and release of peripheral /calcium factor VIII and von Willebrand factor; vasculature, social recognition,[11] circadian tau brain Adrenocorticotropic hormone Pituitary gland Phosphatidylinositol AVPR1B secretion in response to stress;[13] , brain \calcium or AVPR3 social interpretation of olfactory cues[1 Insertion of aquaporin-2 (AQP2) Basolateral Adenylate channels (water channels). This membrane cyclase/cAMP allows water to be reabsorbed down of the cells an osmotic gradient, and so the lining the urine is more concentrated. Release collecting ducts of von Willebrand factor and surface of the expression of P-selectin through kidneys exocytosis of Weibel-Palade bodies (especially from endothelial cells[ the cortical and outer medullary collecting ducts) AVPR2

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Actions

Locations

Second messenger system

Type

Increases VACM-1 cytosolic calcium Vascular and acts as an inverse agonist of endothelium andPhosphatidylinositol renal /calcium cAMP accumulation[17] collecting tubules

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Role in disease

Decreased vasopressin release or decreased renal sensitivity to AVP leads to diabetes insipidus, a condition featuring hypernatremia (increased blood sodium concentration), polyuria (excess urine

production), and polydipsia (thirst).

High levels of AVP secretion ( syndrome of inappropriate

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Prolactin

**Prolactin is a single-chain protein hormone closely related to growth hormone. It is secreted by so-called lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary. It is also synthesized and secreted by a broad range of other cells in the body, most prominently various immune cells, the brain and the decidua of the pregnant uterus. **It is difficult to point to a tissue 5/24/12 that

1-Mammary Gland Development, Milk Production and Reproduction research demonstrated that prolactin has two major
roles in milk production: Prolactin induces lobuloalveolar growth of the mammary gland. Alveoli are the clusters of cells in the mammary gland that actually secrete milk. Prolactin stimulates lactogenesis or milk production after giving birth. Prolactin, along with cortisol and insulin, act together to stimulate transcription of the genes that encode milk proteins Prolactin also appears important in several nonlactational aspects of reproduction. In some species (rodents, dogs), prolactin is necessary for maintainance of corpora lutea (ovarian structures that secrete progesterone, the "hormone of 5/24/12 pregnancy").

Effects on Immune Function

The prolactin receptor is widely expressed by immune cells, and some types of lymphocytes synthesize and secrete prolactin. These observations suggest that prolactin may act as an autocrine or paracrine modulator of immune activity.
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control of Prolactin Secretion

In contrast to what is seen with all the other pituitary hormones, the hypothalamus tonically suppresses prolactin secretion from the pituitary. In other words, there is usually a hypothalamic "brake(Dopamine which inhibits both the synthesis and secretion of prolactin.) set on the lactotroph, and prolactin is secreted only when the brake is released. If the pituitary stalk is cut, prolactin secretion increases, while secretion of all the other pituitary hormones fall dramatically due to loss of hypothalamic releasing hormones.

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In addition to tonic inhibition by dopamine, prolactin secretion is positively regulated by several hormones, including thyroid-releasing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Stimulation of the nipples and mammary gland, as occurs during nursing, leads to prolactin release. This effect appears to be due to a5/24/12

ACTH is secreted from the anterior pituitary in response to corticotropinreleasing hormone from the hypothalamus. corticotropinreleasing hormone is secreted in response to many types of stress, which makes sense in view of the "stress management" functions of glucocorticoids. Corticotropin-releasing hormone
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ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)

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Cortisol Cushings Disease

produced adrenal gland.It is released in response to stress and a low level of blood glucocorticoids. Its primary functions are to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis; suppress the immune system; aid in fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism. It also decreases bone formation. Various synthetic forms of cortisol are
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What is Cushings Disease? Cushings disease, also known as

hyperadrenocorticism is a condition that develops as a result of the overproduction or excessive amounts of cortisol in the body. This is a slow, gradual disease that commonly affects dogs more than cats. Middle-aged to older dogs,
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disease adrenal-based hyperadrenocorticism, pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism

Adrenal-based hyperadrenocorticism This condition develops as a result of an adrenal tumor that causes an overproduction of glucocorticoidsThese tumors are enlarged in one adrenal gland while are very small in the other gland.

Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism occurs as a result of the overproduction of the ACTH hormone by the pituitary gland in 5/24/12

common symptoms and

Increased drinking Excessive eating

signs

Increased urination Enlarged abdomen Hair loss or thin skin Lethargy Rapid/ Fast Breathing Recurring urinary tract infections 5/24/12

Causes a Cushings Disease

in a healthy pet, the pituitary gland produces adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete glutocorticoid or cortisol hormones into the bloodstream. Glucocorticoid is necessary for the body to function at optimal level and affects the metabolism, nervous system, immune system, cardiovascular system and kidneys.
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The diagnosis of Cushings disease is based on the symptoms,

Diagnosing a Cushings Disease

medical history

physical examination.

If Cushings disease is suspected, certain tests such as a complete blood count, blood chemistry panel and urinalysis will be performed. Further screening tests such as a
5/24/12 urine cortisol, creatinine ratio, low

Ttt

Treatment of Cushing's Disease Correction of Hypercortisolism by O,pDDD without Induction of Aldosterone Deficiency ********************************************************

patients with Cushing's disease given the adrenocorticolytic agent o,pDDD,

the therapeutic objective of reducing cortisol secretion without producing aldosterone deficiency was achieved after several months of treatment. To avoid gastrointestinal intolerance, low doses (about 3 gm per day) were used. Patients with subnormal plasma 17hydroxycorticosteroids were given dexamethasone, 0.5 mg daily, as a safeguard against glucocorticoid 5/24/12 deficiency.

Addison's disease Canine Hypoadrenocorticism

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What is Addison's disease?properly the When the body is working

pituitary gland makes the hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which tells the adrenal glands to make glucocorticoid steroid (Cortisol or Cortison).

The body needs Cortisol to regulate the conversion of protein and fat into glucose and Cortisol tells the body how to react to stress. In an animal with Addison's disease 5/24/12 the body has a lack of glucocorticoid

How did my dog get Addison's disease?

Many times Addison's disease is considered idiopathic, which means no one knows why. Some reported causes of Addison's disease are fungal infections, trauma, cancer, and heredity. Addison's is rare and can occur in any breed of dog.
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symptoms

depression, weakness, not eating, weight loss, vomiting and diarrhea, drinking more, urinating more, dehydration, and a fast heart rate in some patients. Many times these symptoms may go unnoticed or correctly diagnosed and the patient finally presents in a Addisonian Blood work will show low sodium level, 5/24/12 high potassium level, and high kidney

TTT

Treatment consists of replacing the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid steroids. The drugs of choice are usually Prednisone (glucocorticoid) and Percorten-V or Florinef (mineralocorticoid). The dose of Prednisone will taper over the course of a few weeks. It is very important that these drugs are given as prescribed. 5/24/12

Insulin is an important hormone

Insulin Diabetes Mellitus

secreted by the pancreas to break down glucose or sugar in the blood and make it available to every cell in the body. When insulin levels are low the bodys cells are deprived of essential sustenance and the cells are likely to change

or even die.

5/24/12 Female dogs are at higher risks than

Symptoms of Diabetes

Excessive thirst and increased water consumption Increased urination Sudden weight loss or gain Marked increase or decrease in appetite Weakness of the rear legs Poor condition of the skin and coat Vomiting Dehydration Increased susceptibility to bacterial infection Blindness
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What Causes Diabetes?

The exact causes of diabetes are not clearly understood. ITS a number of factors involved in the onset of the condition such as genetic factors, diet, obesity, age. The most common cause of diabetes in dogs is believed to be immune destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas. These cells are responsible for the production of insulin, and once destroyed, insulin 5/24/12

Diagnosing Diabetes
some blood tests and urine analyses
The normal fasting value for blood glucose in dogs& cats is between 75 and 120 mg per deciliter

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Diabetes is a life-threatening disease that can be fatal if left untreated; however with treatment it is possible for your pet to live a perfectly normal life, and in cats, treatment can lead to a full remission

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TTT

Oral Medication while pharmaceutical oral medications are often effective when treating humans, they tend to be far less effective in pets. This type of treatment has shown small success in cats; however studies have also revealed that these medications can cause further pancreatic damage as well as liver damage.

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Injections Insulin injections are the most common form of treatment for diabetes. The methods of injecting insulin and the dosages will differ between cats and dogs,

and will also be determined by the severity of your pets condition. .

Remember that the early stages of treatment may require multiple 5/24/12

Diet

A healthy and often strict diet is an essential part of your pets diabetes treatment, and in some cases, a change in diet is the only necessary treatment to control blood sugar-levels 5/24/12

Diet
A low-carbohydrate diet, which is commonly recommended for diabetic cats, will help to reduce the amount of insulin your pet will need and it will help to keep blood-sugar levels stable.

Fats and proteins are more suitable as they are metabolized into bloodsugar at a slower rate than 5/24/12

dogs susceptible to Diabetes most diabetes in middle aged to typically occurs

older dogs. The following dog breeds appear to have an increased risk of .Doberman developing diabetes: .Labrador retriever . .Hungarian puli Keeshond .Golden retriever .Miniature Poodles pinscher Samoyed .Old English sheepdog Daschund .Springer spaniel Alaskan malamute .Schipperke Miniature schnauzer .Finnish spitz 5/24/12

Thyroid hormones Hypothyroidism

The thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland primarily responsible for regulation of metabolism

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What is Hypothyroidism?

Hypothyroidism is a thyroid problem that is very common in dogs, and but seldom occurs in cats. Hypothyroidism is due to an underactive thyroid gland and not enough thyroid hormone is

produced, thereby slowing everything down.

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Causes Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is almost always caused by one of two diseases: lymphocytic thyroiditis or thyroid gland atrophy. These two causes of hypothyroidism account for more than 95% of the cases. The other five percent are due to 5/24/12 uncommon diseases, including

SIGNS

Weight gain without an increase in appetite -Dry hair coat with excessive shedding-Very thin hair coat to near baldness -Increased pigmentation in the skin -Increased susceptibility to skin and ear infections -Failure to regrow hair after clipping or shaving
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DIAGNOSIS

The most common test is for the T4 level. This is a measurement of the main thyroid hormone in a blood sample. If it is below normal and the correct clinical signs are present, the test is meaningful. However, testing for the T4 level can be misleading because some dogs that are not hypothyroid may have subnormal levels.

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TTT

It is treated with oral administration of a thyroid replacement hormone. This drug must be given for the rest of the dog's life. Treatment is typically accomplished by giving daily doses of a synthetic T4 thyroid hormone called sodium levothyroxine, in the form of oral tablets. Successful treatment depends upon maintaining proper thyroxine levels in the dogs blood
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usually due to an underactive parathyroid gland, the gland that is responsible for regulating the parathyroid hormone, which in turn regulates the amount of calcium that is stored in the bones, to be removed as needed for use in the blood.

puerperal tetany milk fever hypocalcemia

As the parathyroid gland has not being signaled to stimulate the 5/24/12

This disease most often occurs with first litters and in toy breeds. Chihuahuas, miniature pinschers, shih-tzus, miniature poodles, Mexican hairless dogs and pomeranians are at increased risk for eclampsia, as as toy breeds and bitches with their first litters. However, puppies are often not 5/24/12

Symptoms and Types

Poor maternal behavior

Restlessness, nervousness Disorientation Panting, whining Vomiting Diarrhea Clumsy walking, stiff gait Facial itchiness Muscle tremors, tetany (entire body goes stiff), convulsions Dog lies down with paws rigidly extended (usually seen 812 hours after the first onset of 5/24/12

Diagnosis

need to provide a thorough history of dog's health leading up to the onset of symptoms. Standard tests will include a chemical blood profile, complete blood count and an electrolyte panel. . If the concentration is less than 7 mg/dL, your dog will be 5/24/12

causes

Poor or insufficient diet in the pregnant & lactating queen Poor uptake of calcium by the digestive system Calcium loss due to lactation

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Preventing
Provide your pregnant cat or dog with a good quality, commercial diet.

. Supplementing of dietary calcium after the birth may be necessary, speak to your veterinarian before you include any dietary supplements to make sure it's safe

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Manar Alshbarwi

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