Chapter 01

Introduction to Instrumentation & Measurements.

Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to: explain units and quantities in electrical. discuss and calculate various types of error in measurement. Explain the meaning of some terms in instrumentation field.

Outlines
The

outline of this chapter is as follow: Principles of instrumentation and measurements Electrical Units Error in measurement Some terms +definitions in instrumentations.
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Introduction
Why

learning DEI 2012? What is the main role/ purpose of instrumentation? Give Example of applications?

Introduction

Instrumentations serve three (3) basic functions: indicating recording controlling

Electrical Units

Fundamental Quantity
Quantity Length Mass Time Symbol l m t Unit meter kilogram second Unit Abbre. m kg s
oK

Temperature Electric current

T I

Kelvin Ampere

Electrical Units

Derived Quantity
Quantity emf/ voltage charge resistance Symbol V Q R Unit volt coulomb Ohm Unit Abbre. V C

capacitance inductance

C L

farad hendry

F H

Measurement Standards
Standards

are defined in 4 categories:

international

standards. primary standards. secondary standards. working standards.

Measurement Standards
Mass-

kg defined the mass of an alloy cyllinder Standards are defined in 4 categories:

international

standards. primary standards. secondary standards. working standards.

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Error in Measurement
There are various types of error in measurement: absolute error gross error systematic error random error limiting error
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Error in Measurement

What is the meaning of error? Please define. ------------------------------------------------------

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Error in Measurement

Error - The deviation of a reading or set of readings from the expected value of the measured variable.

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Error in Measurement
Absolute error. Absolute error maybe defined as the difference between the expected value of the variable and the measured value of the variable, or
e = Yn Xn
where: e = absolute error. Yn = expected value. Xn = measured value
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Error in Measurement

to express error in percentage % error =

e (100 ) Yn

we also derived relative accuracy, A;

Yn X n A 1 Yn
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Error in Measurement

a)
b) c)

d)

Example 1-1. The expected value of the voltage across a resistor is 5.0 V. However, measurement yields a value of 4.9 V. Calculate: absolute error % error relative accuracy % accuracy

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Error in Measurement
Errors

are generally categorized under the following three (3) major headings:
Gross

Errors Systematic Errors Random Errors

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Error in Measurement
Gross Error
generally

the fault of the person using the instruments such as incorrect reading, incorrect recording, incorrect use etc.

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Error in Measurement
Systematic Error
due to problems with instruments/ environmental effects/ or observational errors. Example??? parallax error wrong estimation reading scale

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Error in Measurement
Random Errors
generally the accumulation of a large number of small effects maybe of real concern only in measurements requiring a high degree of accuracy. such errors can only be analyzed statistically.

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Error in Measurement
Limiting Errors
manufacturers of instruments state that an instrument is accurate within a certain percentage of a full-scale reading. example is; a voltmeter is accurate within 2% at full-scale deflection. this specification is called the limiting errors.

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Error in Measurement
Limiting Errors
However,

with reading less than fullscale, the limiting error will increase. therefore, it is important to obtain measurements as close as possible to full scale.

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Error in Measurement
Example

1-2

A 300-V voltmeter is specified to be accurate within 2% at full scale. Calculate the limiting error when the instrument is used to measure a 120-V source?

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Error in Measurement
Example

1-3

A voltmeter and an ammeter are to be used to determine the power dissipated in a resistor. Both instruments are guaranteed to be accurate within 1% at full scale. If the voltmeter reads 80V on its 150-V range and the ammeter reads 70mA on its 100-mA range, calculate the limiting error for the power calculation.
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Summary

Some terms +definitions are as below:

Error ---??? Accuracy The degree of exactness of a measurement compared to the expected value Precision A measure of consistency, or repeatability of measurements.

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Summary
Instrument a device or mechanism used to determine the present value of a quantity Measurement a process of comparing an unknown quantity with an accepted standard quantity. Standard an instrument or device having a recognized permanent (stable) value that is used as a reference.

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Summary
expected value the most probable value we should expect to obtain. deviation the difference between any piece of data in a set of numbers and the arithmetic mean of the set of numbers. transducer a device that converts one form of energy into another form

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Evaluation

Electrical Quantity
Quantity Symbol l Capacitance Time second Unit meter F Unit Abbre.

T Charge

Kelvin

oK

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