STUDY OF THYRISTOR CONTROLLED SERIES CAPACITOR (TCSC) AS A USEFUL FACTS DEVICE

Presented by
P. Vinay Kumar 11671D0703

: INTRODUCTION
1) N.G. Hingorani, in 1988, first defined the concepts of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) 2)The basic human need for safe, efficient and affordable LIGHT became the driving force which led to the development of todays continent spanning Electric Energy or Power System . 3) This reactive power has been recognized as a significant factor in the design and operation of ac system s for a long time. 4) In an Ideal ac power system the voltage and frequency at every supply point would be constant and free from harmonics and the power factor would be unity irrespective of consumers load 5) But when we go for a Non-Ideal ac power system which is due to varying loads, the terminal voltage tends to be varying and it requires the practice of generating reactive power as close as possible to load, which requires it rather than supplying it from a remote power station.

WHAT IS FACTS ?
Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) technology is a collection of power electronics controllers which can be applied individually or in coordination with others to control one or more interrelated system parameters , such as voltage, current , series Impedance, shunt impedance etc., that govern the operation of transmission systems. FACTS involve conversion and/or switching power electronics in the range of few tens to a few hundred megawatts. I n short we can say FACTS a new technology based on power electronics offering an opportunity to enhance the controllability, stability and power transfer capability of ac transmission system. Considering the opportunities in power electronics through reduction in costs, size and losses we are in early stage of power electronic revolution and there is a bright future ahead for those who are involved.

FOR WHAT PURPOSE FACTS ARE USED?

FACTS devices are used for the dynamic control of voltage, impedance and phase angle of high voltage ac lines. The FACTS controllers enable the routing of power in the steady state in any desired manner independent of the impedance various other paths. It has also other potential advantages such as: Ability to damp oscillations Improve system stability and enhances power transfer capacity of transmission network. Thus , FACTS devices provide strategic benefits for improved transmission system management through better utilization of existing transmission assets ;. The main objectives of FACTS is To increase the power transfer capability of transmission systems. To keep power flow over designated routes.

BASIC TYPES OF FACTS CONTROLLERS

Series controllers. Shunt controllers. Combined series-series controllers. Combined shunt-series controllers.
Each one has its own properties and may be used in specific contexts. The choice of the appropriate device is important

simple diagram of TCSC device

OPERATION OF TCSC
The basic operation of TCSC can be easily explained from circuit analysis It consists of a series compensating capacitor shunted by a Thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) TCR is a variable inductive reactor XL controlled by firing angle . Here variation of XL with respect to

 Tcsc is very important fact device It doesnt require thyristors gate turn off capability In this scheme firing angles of the ant parallel thyristors are controlled to control the reactor at 180 degree firing angle The thyreistor controlled is non conducting while the series capacitor has its normal impedance When firing angle is reduced from 180 degree but not less than 90 degree Capacitor impedance increases and at 90 degree firing angle The thyristor controlled reactor conducts fully and total impedance becomes inductive ( the reactive impedance is less than the capacitor impedance )

TCSC, thyristor-controlled series capacitor (series-connected controller)

Note: The TCSC behaves as a tunable parallel LC-circuit to the line current. As the impedance of XL is varied from its maximum (infinity) toward its minimum wL, the TCSC increases its capacitive impedance.

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF TCSC

 Figure shows a two-area interconnected system where the power transfer from area A to area B is limited to 1500MW due to stability constraints Additional electricity can be delivered from area A to area B if series compensation is applied to increase the maximum stability limits High degree of series compensation level is permitted with the controlled series compensation achieving further improved transmission capacity utilization.

BENEFITS OF TCSC DEVICE IN TRANSMISSION

The development and applications of TCSC device adds advantage of not only increasing the transmission line capacity also improves the power oscillation damping (POD) Improvement of system stability Current control Impedance control

TCSC has been installed in India

Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSC) banks were installed on the Rourkela-Raipur It is double circuit 400 kV power transmission interconnector between the Eastern and Western regions of the grid. The length of the interconnector amounts to 412 km The main purpose of this major AC interconnector is to enable export of supply energy from the Eastern to the Western regions of India The TCSC are located at the Raipur end of the lines.

BENEFITS OF UTILISING FACTS DEVICES

1) Control of power flow in transmission corridors by controlling line impedance, angle and voltage. 2) Optimum power flow for certain objectives. 3) Increase the loading capability of lines to their thermal capabilities, including and short term and seasonal. 4) Increase the system security through raising the transient limit, limiting short circuit currents and over loads, utilization of lowest cost generation. 5) Provide greater flexibility in sitting new generation. 6) Upgrade of lines. Reduce loop flows .

APPLICATIONS OF FACTS CONTROLLERS:

Power flow control. Voltage control. Reactive power compensation. Stability improvement. Interconnection of renewable and distributed generation storages. Power conducting. Power quality improvement. Increase of transmission capability.

CONCLUSION:
With the history of more than three decades and widespread research and development, FACTS controllers are now considered a proven and mature technology. The recent introduction of TCSC has further widened the scope and added new valuable benefits. This seminar report reveals an overview of TCSC as one the best proposed devices in FACTS family, its applications and the prospects of TCSC as an effective power system improvement tool.

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