SKU3023: CHEMISTRY II

RATE OF REACTION
Click to edit Master subtitle style 5/21/12

Presented by:
Norfarrahdilah binti Amir ~ D20101037438 Siti Salwa binti Abdullah ~D20101037439

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REACTION KINETICS

Chemical kinetics is the study of the rate of reactions the factors that affect these rates, and the reaction mechanisms by which reactions occur. This is important in industrial processes to: minimize time of reaction Produce optimum yield

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Rate of reaction

Reaction rate is the change in the concentration of a reactant or a product with time.

Because [R] decrease with time, [R] is NEGATIVE

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Rate of reaction

The average rate is the rate over a period of time. The rate of reaction at a given time is called an instantaneous rate of reaction. The instantaneous rate at the beginning of a reaction is called the initial rate of reaction
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The differential rate equation

A differential rate equation enables the relationship between the rate of disappearance of reactants and the formation of products.

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Formation of NH3, N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)

The differential rate equation is:

d[N 2 ] 1 d[H 2 ] 1 d[NH 3 ] = = dt 3 dt 2 dt

Explanation: the rate of disappearance of N2 is 1/3 the rate of disappearance of H2 and 5/21/12 the rate of formation NH3.

The rate law

A rate law is an equation that shows how fast the reaction proceeds and how the reaction rate depends on the concentrations of the chemical species involved. At constant temperature and pressure, the rate of the chemical reaction is directly proportional to concentration of the reactants.
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Equation, aA + bB

cC + dD

The exponent in a rate law or the reaction order must be determine from the experiment and not derived from the stoichiometric coefficients in an overall chemical equation. The rate constant (k) and its value depends on specific reaction, temperature and the presence of catalysts. The larger value of k, it is means that the faster the reaction proceeds 5/21/12

Order of reaction

Effects of doubling one initial concentration based on its reaction order Zero order reactions : no effect on rate of reaction For a zero-order reaction, the rate of reaction is a constant. When the limiting reactant is completely consumed, the reaction abrupts stops.

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First order reactions : the rate will be doubles For a first-order reaction, the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of one of the reactants. Differential Rate Law: r = k [A] The rate constant, k, has units of sec1.
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Second order reactions : the rate is quadruples For a second-order reaction, the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the square of the concentration of one of the reactants. Differential Rate Law: r = k [A]2 The rate constant, k, has units of L mole-1 sec-1.
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Integrated rate law

The integrated rate law is an equation that describes the concentration of a reactant as a function of time. It can be used to determine the rate constant, half life and the concentration of the reactant at specific time. Half life (t1/2) is defined as the length of time required for the concentration of a reactant to 5/21/12

Zero order reaction: Integrated rate equation [A] - [A]t = kt

Half life [A]0 - [A]0 = kt1/2 2 t1/2 = [A]0 2k

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Graphs

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First order reaction: Integrated rate equation ln [A] - ln [A]t = kt Half life ln [A]0 = kt1/2 [A]0 / 2 t1/2 = ln 2 k
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Graph

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Second order reaction: Integrated rate equation 1 - 1 = kt [A]t [A]

Half life 1 [A]0/2 - 1 = kt1/2 [A]0 [A]k

t1/2 = 1
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Graph

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Summary of the reactions:

Differential Integrated Rate Law Rate Law Characterist Slope of ic Kinetic Kinetic Plot Plot Units of Rate Constant

Reaction Order

Zero

-d[A] = k dt
-

[A] = [A]0 - [A] vs t kt ln [A] vs t

-k

mole L-1 sec-1 sec-1

First

d[A] = k[A] [A] = [A]0 dt e- k t

-k

Second

d[A] = k[A] [A] = [A]0 1/[A] vs t dt 1+kt[A]0

L mole-1 sec-1

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Collision theory

Is the theory to explain the rate of chemical reactions. It is based on : For a reaction to occur the reactant particles must collide. Molecules must possess a certain kinetic energy (activation energy) to initiate the chemical reaction. Only a certain fraction of the total

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Activation energy (Ea)

is defined as the minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction activation energy can be thought of as the height of the potential barrier (energy barrier) separating two minima of potential energy (of the reactants and products of a reaction). If the particles collide with less energy than the activation energy, 5/21/12 nothing important happens. They

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Activation energy

Two fast moving molecules collide which lead to bond making and bond breaking. New product formed (effective collision). Two slow moving molecule collide. They just bounce off. Chemically unchange (ineffective collision) 5/21/12

Factors affecting rate of reaction

Effect of concentration

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Effect of temperature

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Effect of catalyst

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Effect of surface area/ size of reactants

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Pressure

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THANK YOU

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