Design of bridges

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Syllabus

IRC Code Types of bridges and their components Basic concepts of bridge design Design of slab bridge Design of T-beam bridge (Courbons method)

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IRC Code
IRC Indian Roads Congress Three categories of Live loads Types of vehicles Placement of vehicles Description of three category loadings Permissible stresses and design coeff.

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Categories of Live loads as per IRC

IRC Class AA loading i. For bridges subjected to very heavy loading ii. Used only in certain specified areas and municipal limits iii. Bridges designed for classAA loading should be checked for class A loading also IRC Class A loading i. For permanent bridges and culverts Click to B loading IRC Class edit Master subtitle style i. For temporary structures ii. Used only in specific areas

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Types of vehicles
Tracked vehicles Wheeled vehicles Trains of vehicles

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Placement of vehicles
Extent: Within the kerb to kerb width of the roadway. NOT on the footpath, etc Orientation: travelling along the bridge. NOT across the bridge Multiple vehicles: with minimum clearance between vehicles. NOT touching each other Position: Any possible position which produces max. stresses. Standard vehicle: All the axles shall be acting simultaneously and at the prescribed distances No other live load shall be assumed on the carriage way besides Click to edit the IRC loading Master subtitle style

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Class AA loading

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Class AA loading (contd.)

The nose to tail spacing between two successive vehicles shall not be less than 90 m. fig For multilane bridges and culverts, only ONE train of Class AA (tracked or wheeled vehicles) shall be considered for every two traffic lane widths. No other live load on the 2-lane width The maximum loads of the wheeled vehicles shall be 20 tonnes for a single axle, or 40 tonnes for a bogie of two axles spaced not more than 1.2 m centres. Click to edit Master subtitle style

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Minimum clearance between the road face of the kerb and the outer edge of the wheel or track, C shall be taken as follows:
Number of lanes Carriage way Max. value of C width Single lane 3.8 m and 0.3 m bridge above Multilane Less than 5.5 m 0.6 m bridges 5.5 m or above 1.2 m

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Class A loading

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Nose-to-tail distance + Axle loads and 5/20/12 spacing their

Class A loading
Axle Ground contact load area W (tonnes B (mm) (mm) )
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11. 4 6.8 2.7

250 200 150

500 380 200

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Ground contact of various axles

Class A loading
Clear carriag eway width 5.5 Click to edit Master subtitle style to 7.5 m Above 7.5 m Clearances g f

0.4 to 1.2 m 1.2 m

150 mm 150 mm

Clearances
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Class A loading - Summary

The nose to tail distance between two successive vehicles shall not be less than 18.4 m No other live load shall cover any part of the carriage way when a train of vehicles (or trains of vehicles in multilane bridges) is crossing the bridge The ground contact area of the wheel shall be taken as shown in the table

The clearances shall be as shown in the 5/20/12 table

Impact Loading

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Impact Loading

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Permissible stresses
In concrete
Property Modulus of Ec elasticity (GPa) M 15 20 Grade of concrete M 20 M 25 M30 M35 M40 25 28 31 33 36

Permissible direct to edit Master subtitle style cc Click 3.8 5.0 compressive (MPa) stress Permissible cbc (MPa) flexure 5.0 6.7 compressive stress
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6.2

7.2

8.5

8.5

8.3

10.0 11.5 11.5

Permissible stresses
In steel

Click to edit Master subtitle style In concrete in

shear

co (MPa)
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M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40 0.28 0.34 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.50

Working Stress Design coefficients

Neutral Axis coeff. Lever arm Coeff. Moment Coeff.

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Slab bridge or culvert

Types of bridges and components

Deck slab Wearing coat, kerb, hand rails, etc Abutments and wing walls Foundations

T- beam bridge

Deck slab Wearing coat, kerb, hand rails, foot paths if provided Cantilever portion Longitudinal girders

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Basic concepts of bridge design

Analysis of slabs carrying wheel loads

Effective width method Pigeauds coefficients Westergaards method

Distribution of live load reactions

Courbons method Henry Jaegars method Morice and Little method

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Effective width method

Applicability

Slabs simply supported on two opposite edges Slabs supported on four edges, but B/L is large

Assumptions

The point load is resisted by a strip of the slab having an effective width of b. The BM in the perpendicular direction = 20% of dead load BM + 30% of Live load BM

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Effective width method

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Effective width method

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Effective width method

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Effective width method

Effective width shall not exceed the actual width For load near the unsupported edge of the slab

For two or more concentrated loads

Along the span Normal to span

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Effective width method

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Design of slab bridge or culvert

Steps

Input data Permissible stresses Depth of slab and effective span Dead load BM Live load BM (Dead Load + Live load ) SF Design of reinforcing steel for BM Check for SF

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Input Data

Width of carriage way : 7.5 m for two lane road Width of foot paths Clear span : : m 6 1 m on either side

Thickness of wearing coat : 80 mm M25 , Fe Width of bearing (support): 0.4 m 415 Materials : Loading class : Class AA

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Depth of slab and effective span

Assume depth of slab : 80 mm per meter of span D = 80 x 6 = 480 Adopt D = 500 mm. mm. Assume 20 , grade of steel and clear cover Assume dia.mmdia HYSD bars with clear cover of 30 mm d = 500 30 10 = 460 mm.

Calculate effective depth l = min(6.46, 6.4)= Calculate effective span(l): min (ln+d, C-to-C 6.4 m of bearings) 5/20/12

Depth of slab and effective span

100 0 750 0 80 100 0

500

Cross-section of deck slab

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Dead load BM

Dead weight of slab : 24 kN/m3 density 0.5 x 24 = 12 kN/m2.

Dead weight of wearing coat : 22 kN/m3 0.08 x density 22 = 1.76 kN/m2 w= 12 + 1.76 ~ 14. 0 kN/m2

Total load

(14 x 6.42)/8 = 72 Dead load moment: wl2/8 kN-m

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Live load BM

Class of load: Class AA tracked will be critical for slabs Impact factor : IF = 0.1 + 0.0037(9-l) IF = 0.1+ 0.0375x(9-6.4)= 0.197

Placement of the vehicle: Place the vehicle symmetrically on the span 3.6+2(0.5+0.08)=4.76 Dispersed length of load: B+2(D+t) m

b=2.84x 3.2(1-3.2/6.4)+1.01= Effective width of slab: b=kx(1-x/L)+ W 5/20/12 5.56 m

Placement of tracked vehicle

Class AA tracked x=3200

640 0
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Loading of deck slab

Live load BM
100 0 120 0 850 120 0 850 100 0

556 0 2625+2050+5560/2=7 455

Effective width for two 5/20/12 tracked wheels

Live load BM

Total net effective width of slab: 7.455 m 2625+2050+5560/2 = 7455 mm Total load of two tracks (one axle) with impact x 1.197 = 838 kN 700

838/(4.76 x 7.455) = 23.61 Average intensity of loading: kN/m2 23.61 x 4.76 /2 x 3.2 23.61 x 4.76/2 x 4.76/4=113 kN-m to LL: Using loading Maximum BM due diagram 72 +113 = 185 kN-m 5/20/12

Design SF

Placement of vehicle for max SF: Concept of ILDs Effective width of slab for one track or wheel : b=kx(1-x/L)+ W b= 2.84 x 2.38 (12.38/6.4)+1.01=5.256 m 2625 + 2050 + 5256/2 = 7303 Net effective width for total axle (two tracks): mm w = 838/(4.76 x 7.303) = 24.1 kN/m2 Average load intensity:

(14 x 6.4/2) + (24.1 x 4.76 x 4.02/6.4) = 5/20/12 177 kN Total SF : V= (SF due to DL) + (SF due to LL)

Design of deck slab

Calculate dmin for under-reinforced section. dmin=(M/Qb) dmin=sqrt(185x 106/(1.1x1000)=410 mm < d=460 mm Calculate the area of steel : Ast=185x106/ (200x0.9x460)=2234 mm2 Ast=M/(stj.d)

s=(314x1000)/2234= bar of assumed dia. Calculate the spacing of140 mm using 20 mm dia. bars s=(Ab)1000/Ast
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Design of deck slab

Calculate BM for distribution steel: M=(0.3x 113) + (0.2 x 72) = 49 kNm

M = 0.3(BM due to LL) + 0.2(BM due to DL)

Area of steel reqd. Ast= (49x106/(200 x 0.9 x 444))=613 mm2 Calculate spacing of distribution bars s= (1000 x 113/613)=184 mm
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Shear check of deck slab

Nominal or design shear stress. =V/(bd) = (117 x 106)/(1000 x 460) = 0.254 N/mm2

Permissible shear stress in slabs w/o shear reinforcement: k1= (1.14-0.7x 0.460)=0.82 >=0.5, k2=(0.5+0.25 x 0.243) = 0.560>=1 0=0.40 N/mm2 for M-25

c=(0.82 5/20/12

x 1 x 0.40) =0.328 N/mm2

Design of T-beam bridge

Steps

Input data Permissible stresses Depth of slab and effective span Dead load BM Live load BM (Dead Load + Live load ) SF Design of reinforcing steel for BM Check for SF

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Input Data

Width of carriage way : 7.5 m for two lane road 16 m Span (centre-to-centre) : M25 80 Thickness of wearing coat ,:Fe mm 415 Materials : Loading class vehicle Method : Class AA tracked

: Courbons method

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Permissible stresses

cbc = 8.3 N/mm2 st = 200 N/mm2 m = 10 j= 0.90 Q = 1.1

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No. of main girders

= (preferably 3) 3 2.5 m C-to-C between the girders= 1600 mm Depth of the main girders =

Assumptions about geometry

200 mm (@ 80 mm 100 mm per 1m of span) 600 mm x 300 mm deep4 m Thickness of deck slab = 300 mm x 1600 Thickness of wearing coat = mm Dimensions of the kerb =

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Distance between cross girders =

Cross-section of bridge deck

Cross girders

One panel

Longitudinal girders

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Design of Interior slab panels Dead weight of slab. @24 kN/m3

(0.2 x 24) = 4.80 kN/m2 Dead weight of WC. @22 kN/m3 (0.08 x 22) = 1.76 kN/m2

Total DL =DL of slab + Dl of WC 4.80 + 1.76 = 6.56 kN/m2

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of LL for max BM in the panel: Place

Design of Interior slab panelscontact area. u=W+2h, Dispersed dimensions of the

v=B+2h u=(0.85 + 2 x 0.08) = 1.01 m, v = (3.6 + 2 x 0.08)= 3.76 m

Calculate (u/lx) ,(v/ly) , K.(v/ly) = 3.76/4.0 = 0.94 (u/lx)= 1.01/2.5 = 0.404, K= (lx/ly) = 2.58/4.0 = 0.625 = 0.085, 0.024 Find BM coeff. ( and=) from pigeauds curves

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Pigeauds curves for and

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K =0.6

Pigeauds curves for and

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K =0.7

BM in short and long spans

M1 = 350 ( 0.085 + 0.15 x 0.024) = 31.01 kN-m

M2 = 350 ( 0.024 + 0.15 x 0.085) = 12.845 kN-m

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