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Writing ions:
when we write an ion of an atom, we always put the
charge in superscript to the right of the atomic symbol
Examples:
Sodium with one less electron = Na+
Chlorine with an extra electron = Cl-
Sulfur with two extra electrons = S2- or S-2
Using our periodic table and what we know about atomic
number, mass, isotopes, and electrons, we can fill in the
following chart:
Element Symbol Atomic Atomic # of # of # of charge
Number Mass protons neutron electron
8 8 8
Potassium 39 +1
Br 45 -1
30 35 30
Electrons
Atoms which are not ions have the same number of protons
as electrons.
These electrons are arranged in different energy levels, a
topic which will be discussed later in chemistry and physics.
For now, we will use the simplest model of describing the
location of electrons, which is known as the Bohr model.
-- Designed by scientist Neils Bohr to represent the
energy level of an electron in a hydrogen atom
-- The Bohr model only can be correctly drawn for
elements 1-18
-- The Bohr model is actually only a correct model for
the hydrogen atom
Using the Bohr Model
The Bohr Model assumes that each energy level can hold
eight electrons, EXCEPT for the lowest (1st) energy level,
which can only hold two electrons.
The electrons in the highest energy level are called valence
electrons
Example of Bohr Model for Flourine (9 p+, 9 e-):
e- e-