CHAPTER 2

COMPUTER SYSTEM

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System Concept

Computer system Defined as combination of components design to process data and store files A computer system is a complete, working computer that combines components designed to process data, retrieve and store files in a meaningful way
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State the meaning of input, process, output and storage

1.

Input any information that is fed (given) to the computer for process 2. Process- is a program that is running on your computer or manipulates data in the computer -2 major processes: Arithmetic process that is any affirmative function Logical process- that is comparisons like Equal to, less than or grater than, true or false etc
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3.

4.

Output - is the useful information that the computer produced after processing the data according to our instructions Storage- A location which data, instruction and information are held for future use. Every computer uses storage to hold system software and application software
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Processing cycle
input

process

Output

storage

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Data Representation
State the relationship of data representation: BIT smallest unit of data that the computer can process. Short for binary digit. A bit is represented by the number 1 and 0. They correspond to the states of on and off or yes and no

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BYTE a unit of information built from bits. 1 byte = 8 bits. 8 bits that are grouped together as a unit. A bit provide enough different combination of 0s and 1s to represent 256 individual characters CHARACTER 8 bits grouped together as a unit are called byte. A byte represents a single character in the computer

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-there are three codes to represent a single characters which are ASCII, EBCDIC and Unicode

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Introduction to binary coding

Function of ASCII -ASCII was established to achieve compatibility various types of data processing equipment making it possible for the components to communicate with each other successfully -ASCII enables manufacturers to produce components that are assured to operate correctly in a computer

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-ASCII makes it possible for humans to interact with a computer. It also enables users to purchase components that are compatible with their computer configurations

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Data measurement
Bit Basic terminology 8bits=1 byte Byte 1,024 byte=1 KB Kilobyte(KB) 1,024 KB=1MB Megabyte (MB) 1,024 MB=1 GB 1,073,741,824 Gigabyte(GB) bytes=1GB Terabyte (TB) Sila lihat cara pengiraan pada nota Nok A dan sila salin

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Data Measurement Chart Data Measurement Bit Byte Kilobyte (KB) Megabyte (MB) Gigabyte (GB) Terabyte (TB) Size Single Binary Digit (1 or 0) 8 bits 1,024 Bytes 1,024 Kilobytes 1,024 Megabytes 1,024 Gigabytes

4
5

Petabyte (PB)
Exabyte (EB)

1,024 Terabytes
1,024 Petabytes

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Clock Speed Measurement

Evolution of communication -every microprocessor contains system clock. The system clock control speed of all the operations within a computer -the speed of the clock is measured by how many cycles per second the clock makes

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Hertz and Seconds -the clock speed unit is measured in hertz. A hertz is one cycle per second.

1 hertz = 1 cycle 1 second Megahertz (MHz) -mega is a prefix that stands for miliion. 1 MHz = 1,000,000 cycles 1 second
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Gigahertz (GHz) -Gigahertz (Ghz) equals to one billion cycles of the system clock. In relation with megahertz, 1.0 Ghz is equavalent to 1000 MHz. -for example, a microprosessor that runs at 200 Ghz executes 200 billion cycles per second. This is what they are talking about they say computer is a 2.4 GHz machine. Its clock rate is 2.4 billion cycles per second 1GHz=1,000,000,000 cycles 1 second

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Processing speed

A CPU with a higher clock speed can process more instructions per second than a CPU with a lower clock speed. -for example: a 1GHz CPU is faster than aCPU operating at 800MHz. The speed of the system clock affects only the CPU.

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Microprocessor speed
Microprocessor speeds are determined by their clock speed and are usually expressed in gigahertz(Ghz), billion of machine cycles per second for example, a personal computer that is listed at 2.2 GHz had a processor capable of handling 2,2 billion machine cycles per second.

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Speed and path

The combination of speed and number of paths determines the total processing speed or channel bandwidth. This is because different processor often use different architectures. For this reason, a 1.4 GHz Pentium 4 performs better than a 1.4 GHz Pentium 3, but it is not as fast as a 1.4 GHz Power PC G4 processor

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Hardware

Input device is any peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or other information appliance

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Input devices for text

Keyboard -you can enter data such as text and command into a computer by pressing the keys on the keyboard Virtual keyboard - You can press the keys of a virtual on the screen keyboard

Optical reader - A devices that uses a light to read characters, marks and then converts them into digital data that a computer can process
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Input devices for graphics

A devices that captures images from photographic prints, poster, magazine pages and similar sources for computer editing and display

A digital camera allows you to take pictures and store the photographed images digitally

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Input devices for Audio

Microphone

Midi keyboard

Audio input is the speech, music and sound effects entered into the computer.

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Input devices for video

CCTV CAMERA WEBCAM DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERA Video input is input of motion images captured into the computer by speed input devices

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Pointing devices

MOUSE

TRACKBALL

GRAPHIC TABLET

TOUCH SCREEN

A pointing devices is another form of input devices. Pointing devices such as mouce, trackball, graphic tablet and touch screen are user to input spatial data into the comnputer

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OUTPUT DEVICES

Output devices is the result of data processing activity when it is presented external to the system. The output from a computer can be in a form for use by people, for example, printed or displayed

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Types of output devices

Monitor - A monitor is an example of an output devices that can be used to display text. It can also graphic and video. Printer - It can be used to print text, apart from graphics on mediums such as paper, transparency film even cloths

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Speaker - A pair of speakers is an audio output devices that generates sounds. The headphone is a pair of small speakers placed over the ears and plugged a port on the sound card LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) - Uses its own light source to project what is displayed on the computer on a wall or projection screen

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MOTHERBOARD

This is a motherboard and its components. Motherboard is the main circuit board of the system unit, which has some electronic components attached to it and others built into it.

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This is the location of the Central processing Unit (CPU)

This is where the expansion slots are located

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These are Peripheral Component Interconnected (PCI) expansion slots. A personal computer local bus which runs at MHz and supports plug and play

The Industry standard Architecture (ISA) expansion slots are also the components of the motherboard. A PC expansion bus used for modem ,video displays, speaker and others peripheral 4/18/2012

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This is the expansion card. It is slotted in the expansion slot

This is call RAM (Random Acces Memory). RAM is the memory pf the computer

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This is location of the ports. Connectors are plugged into these ports. Port is point at which peripheral attaches to a system unit so it can send data to or receive information from the computer
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Components of the motherboard

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

-CPU control the operation of the computer. It interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer. - The processor significantly impacts overall computing power and manages most of a computers operations
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Expansion slot

Expansion slot are the socket where the circuit boards or the adapter cards can be inserted into the motherboard - A Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus is a high speed bus that connects high speed devices - An Industry-Standard Architecture (ISA) expansion slot in a computer where ISA accessories can be added to.
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Expansion card

- It is plugged into an expansion slot. It is used to add new devices or capabilities to a computer. - It is design to provide expanded capability to a computer. It also provided on the surface of standard-size rigid material (fiberboard) and then plugged into one of the computers expansion slot in its motherboard (backplane)
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RAM slot

-the slot where the computer memory, also called is RAM is placed on the computers motherboard.

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Ports and connectors

- A port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to a system unit so that the peripherals can send data to receive information from the computer.
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Ports and connectors

There are the different kinds of port in a system unit. The ports are:
SERIAL PORT PARALLEL PORT UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS(USB) PORT FIREWIRE PORT SPECIAL PURPOSE PORTS
MIDI Port CSI Port IrDA Port

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Serial Port

A serial port is a socket on a computer used to connect a modem, data acquisition terminal or the system other serial devices via a slow-speed serial interface. A serial port is used to connect a device to the system unit by transmitting data one bit at a time

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Parallel port

A parallel port is a socket on a computer used to connect a printer or other parallel devices via the computers parallel interface.

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USB Port

A USB port is socket on a computer or peripheral devices into which u USB cable Plugged in. Its used to connect all kinds of external devices, such as external ha Drives, printers, mouse and scanner. It can transfer data to a speed of 12 megab Per second

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FireWire port

-Firewire is similar to a USB port in that it can connect multiple types of devices that require faster data transmission speeds. - Previously the Firewire port is called IEEE 1934 port, a personal computer serial bus interface standard -usually camcorders and other video equipment use this port to transmit data on a computer.

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Special Purpose Port

MIDI port It is designed to connect the system unit to a musical instrument, such as an electronic keyboard
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SCSI Port - It is special high-speed parallel port used to attach peripheral devices such as hard disk and printers

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IrDA Port - Some devices transmit data via infrared light waves. For this wireless devices to transmit signals to a computer, both the computer and the devices must have an IrDA port

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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

A central processing unit or CPU is a microprocessor (or processor for short). It is an integrated circuit chip that capable of processing electronic signals. The CPU is the most important element in a computer system. A CPU interprets instructions given by the software and carries out those instructions by processing data and controlling the rest of the computers components
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Control Unit (CU)

Basically the control units main function is to direct the CPU to process data. The control Unit extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them

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ARITHMENTIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU)

ALU as its name implies can perform all arithmetic and logical operations. Arithmetic operation is an operation that forms a function of two numbers. This function is usually on the class operation: add, subtract, multiply and divide Logic operation is an operation on logical values, producing a Boolean result. They included AND, OR, NOT, NAND, Nor, XOR, and XOR and equavalence.
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STORAGE

Computer storage is the holding of data in an electromagnetic form for access by a computer processor. Function of computer storage Computer storage is important to help users store programs and data be at a later time It is also useful to keep current data while being processed by the processor until the computer is saved in a storage media such as a hard disk or a diskette
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Types of computer storage

Primary storage is known as the main memory of a computer, including RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory). It is an internal memory (inside the CPU) that can be accessed directly by the computer Secondary storage is the alternative storage in a computer. It is an external storage that refers to various ways a computer can store program and data

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Primary Storage
It is installed internally. 2 main types of primary storage are RAM and ROM Data from RAM can be read or retrieved and written or stored during processing whereas data from ROM can just be read only RAM is volatile, means the program and data will be lost when the computer is turned off ROM is non-volatile, means it holds the program and data even when the computer is turned off

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Secondary Storage
Secondary storage is an alternative storage. It is very useful to store programs and data for future use. It is required for two reasons: 1. The working memory of the CPU is limited in size and cannot always hold the amount of data required 2. Data and programs in secondary storage do not disappear when the power is turn off

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Primary Storage
Types of primary storage -RAM is acronym for Random-Access Memory which means the data and program in RAM can be read and written. -ROM is acronym for Read-Only Memory. The data or program in ROM can just be read but cannot be written at all

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RAM(RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)

RAM is installed inside computers. RAM is also known as a working memory The data in RAM can be read (retrieved) or written (stored) A computer uses RAM to hold temporary instructions and data needed to complete tasks RAM stores data during and after processing

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ROM(READ ONLY MEMORY)

ROM is another type of memory permanently stored inside the computer. Program in ROM have been prerecorded. It can only be stored by the manufacturer; once it is done, it cannot be changed. Many complex functions, such start up operating instructions, translator for high level languages and operating

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Partitioning the hard disk

Step by step how to use a windows XP CD to partition a hard disk 1. Insert the Windows XP Installation CD and restart the computer 2. Press the key stated on the screen to enter the BIOS setup. 3. Set the CDROM drives at the first booting device in the boot sequence 4. Follow the instruction, when you get the message press any key to boot from CD

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5.

6. 7.

8.

Once the boot from CD-ROM has started it will display at the top of the screen: setup inspecting your computers hardware configuration. Then after that the screen displayed setup is loading files Finally, setup is starting windows and will display after a short delay the Windows XP professional Setup screen. Select to set up Windows XP now and press the ENTER key
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Differences between RAM and ROM

RAM
DATA AND PROGRAM
CONTENT

ROM
Stored by manufacturer
Stores instruction (information) permanently Fast. But uses very little power Non-volatile

Stores during and after processing

Stores information temporarily Very fast, but uses a lot of power Volatile

PROCESSING TIME VOLITALITY

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Secondary storage
Secondary storage is alternative storage to keep your work and documents It is very useful to store programs and data for future use It is non-volatile, which means that is does not need power to maintain the information stored in it. It will stored the information until it is erased.

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Types of secondary storage

MAGNETIC MEDIUM -Non volatile. It can be any type of storage medium that utilizes magnetic pattern to represent information -Magnetic disk such as ; a floppy disk and hard disk -Magnetic tape including video cassette, audio storage reel to reel tape and others OPTICAL MEDIUM - Non volatile storage media that hold content in digital form that are written and read by laser. These media included various types of CDs and DVDs
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Flash memory is a solid-state, non-volatile, rewritable memory that functions like RAM and a hard disk drive combined. Flash memory store bits of electronic data in memory cells just like DRAM (Dynamic RAM), but it also works like a hard disk drive that when the power is turned off, the data remains in the memory

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Software

PC platform OS

Operating system (OS)

Apple platform OS

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