The Statoacoustic Organ

The Ear

Sato : from static \ balance acoustic : auditory \ hearing Fnx

The Ear
Divides into 3 parts: External Ear Middle Ear (Tympanic cavity) ossicles Inner Ear (Labyrinth) hearing & balance * The middle and the inner ear are located within the petrous part of the temporal bone inside the skull

External Ear
Auricle & EAM -Auricle (pinna): made of elastic cartilage covered by the skin except for the lobule which contain a pad of fat covered by skin fnx :collects sound waves divided into: lobule helix & anti helix tragus & antitragus scapha concha triangular fossa

External Acoustic Meatus (EAM)

Osteocartilaginous(bone+cartilage) tube extends from auricle to T.M. (~2-3 cm)

Out 1/3: cartilage Inner 2/3: bone \ pertrous part of temporal Fxn.: Conducts sound waves Lined with skin: sebaceous & ceruminous glands Cerumen (earwax)

Tympanic Membrane
Thin, oval, semitransparent memb. Of ~ 1 cm in diameter.

- Separates the external ear from middle ear -Lined by: skin from outside and mucus membrane from inside Concave outside & convex inside (because its being tense by the tensor tympany m. \ important in giving the vibrations to produce sounds ) Nerve Supply by the trigemenal nerve : auriculotemporal +glossopharyngeal
Divided into: 4 areas

1. Pars Flaccida: upper third area \ red in colour superiorly avoided during surgery because it is rich in blood supply 2. Pars tensa: remaining 3. Umbo: central depression (peak of concavity) 4. Cone of light radiates ant. Inf . From umbo
It is not real , it is a reflection of light and if we see it anterior inferior to the umbo this is an indication of a healthy tympanic membrane

Innervation of the tympanic mem.

The outer part of the tympanic membrane is made of skin , it is innervated by the same nerve that supply the external ear which is the ( auriculotemporal n ) The inner part of the tympanic membrane is made of mucus membrane and it is innervated by the same nerve that supply the inner ear which is the ( glossopharyngeal n )

 When we examine a patient with the otoscope we replace it as fallows to get a better view : - Adult : we have to put the auricle posterior superior - in infants : we put it just post * An indication about a healthy tympanic membrane is to see the cone of light radiation anterior inferior from the umbo

Middle Ear The Tympanic Cavity

Air filled chamber within petrous part of temporal bone that is lined with m.m. ( the air reach it from eustacian tube ) Divided into: 1-Tympanic cavity proper : behind the tympanic membrane itself 2-epitympanic recess small space sup. To the tympanic membrane -Communicates: Ant.: with the nasopharynx through the Eustachian tube Post.: with the mastoid air cells through the audits to mastoid antrum

* So your mark is the roof of the tympanic membrane : everything behind the tympanic membrane is the main part of the tympanic cavity , the remaining space above the tympanic membrane is the epitympanic recess .

Boundaries of Tympanic Cavity

Ant. Wall (Carotid): Separates the tympanic cavity from the carotid canal Contains (sup.): auditory tube opening tensor tympani m. Post. Wall (Mastoid): Separates the middle ear from the mastoid air cells Contains: aditus (L, access) to mastoid antrum (sup.) communicates the middle ear with the mastoid air cells Pyramidal eminence a hollow bony cone enclosing the stapedius m

Medial wall (labyrinthine): Separates the middle ear from the inner ear Contains: the Promontory bony convexity formed by the base of the cochlea is resting there tympanic plexus over the promontory formed by the glossofaringeal (tympanic nerve )

round & oval windows

Stapedius m .: fnx in stabilizing the stapes preventing excessive movement of the stapes reducing the oscillatory range . It is the smallest skeletal m. in our body stabilizing the smallest bone The medial wall of the inner ear also called the labyrinthine because it opens to the labyrinthine in the inner ear

Promontory : a large bluge area on the medial wall it is a bony convexity formed by the base of the cochlea that resting there

The glossopharengeal nerve will give a branch to the middle ear and over the promontory it starts to divide forming a tympanic plexus formed by the tympanic nerve from the glossopharyngeal responsible for the sensation within the middle ear

Lateral wall (membranous): Formed by the inner part of tympanic membrane Separates the middle ear from the external ear

Roof (Tegmental wall): Separates the middle ear from the floor of the middle cranial fossa Formed by thin plate of bone( petrus part of temporal bone ) called tegmen tympani Floor (Jugular wall): Thin bony plate that Separates the middle ear from the IJV

Contents of Middle Ear 3 bones\ 2 muscles \2 nerves

Auditory ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes Muscles: stapedius tensor tympani m. Nerves: chorda tympani tympanic plexus

Auditory Ossicles
Malleus (L, hammer): this bone is handle between the tympanic mem. Outside And the tensor tympani inside head: in epitympanic recess articulates with th incus Neck

Handle: attached to the tympanic mem. And the tensor tympani

 Tensor tympani has a tendon because it is attached between soft tissue ( tympanic membrane ) and hard tissue ( handle of the malleus ) Action : when it contract it tense the handle of the malleus inside so it tense the tympanic membrane

Incus (L, anvil): Body epitympanic recess articulates the head of the malleus Long limb articulates with the stapes m Short limb Attached to the posterior Wall to fix it in its place

Stapes\ oval in shape (L, stirrup ) Base (foot plate) attached to oval window Ant. & Post. limbs Neck attached to Stapedius m Head articulates with incus

Stapedius Muscle
Origin : pyramidal eminence on the mastoid wall ( posterior wall of the tympanic cavity ) Insertion : Stapes neck Innervation :nerve to stapedius from facial nerve

Action : stabilize the stapes

The smallest skeletal muscle in the human body, Stabilizes the smallest bone in the body

Tensor Tympani Muscle

Origin : from the canal in the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity Insertion : handle of the malleus Innervation : nerve to medial petergoid from mandibular nerve Action : tense the tympanic membrane

Otitis Media
Infection of middle ear

Signs & Symptoms (what is the difference?): earache, impaired hearing bulging red T.M. due to pus in mid. Ear Complications:
blockage of pharyngotympanic tube perforation of T.M. Mastoiditis? Can go posteriorly to mastoid air cells Osteomyelitis (bone infection) of tegmen tympani spread sup. To middle cranial fossa \ lead to meningitis

The Inner Ear

Consists of:

Bony labyrinth: cavities within bone

Membranous labyrinth: memb. Sacs & ducts within these cavities

Bony Labyrinth
3 parts Vestibule: small oval chamber balance Semicircular canals: sup. (ant.) post. (inf.) Lat. 3 different planes Communicate with semicircular ducts Cochlea: shell-shaped, Fxn. In hearing

Membranous Labyrinth
Utricle & Saccule: sacs within vestibule

Semicircular ducts: within semicircular canals

Cochlear duct: within cochlea

Done by RMZ RABADI

wish you all the luck