HARDEEPSINH.G.

RANA

INTRODUCTION TO BALANCING
When a mass move in a circular path t experiences a

centripetal acceleration which generates a force and acts in the inward directon.This force is known as centrifugal force which is a disturbing force of the system . If the moving parts are not in complete balance, inertia force are setup which may cause excessive noise , vibration ,wear and tear of the system. If the resultant forces and couples between the machine frame and its foundation are zero , the machine is said to be completely balanced

NEED OF BALANCING
In a machine mainly two types of forces are acting, static

and inertia. Static forces are due to its own eight and steady and uniform external load and inertia forces are due to rotating and reciprocating parts of mechanical system. If these forces are not properly balanced, resultant unblanced forces and couple act on the machine and transmitted to machine frame and foundation affecting effectiveness of the operation of machine. Balancing is required to minimize r completely eliminate unbalanced forces in the mechanical system.

CAUSES OF UNBALANCE
Faulty workmanship.
Non homogeneity of material. Deformation /deflection in rotating parts. Non symmetry in cast parts.

EFFECTS OF UNBALANCE
Bending of shaft.
Extra load on bearing. Wear and tear. Vibrations. Fatigue due to variable loading because of periodic

change of line of action of centrifugal force.

TYPES OF BALANCING
Static balancing
Dynamic balancing

STATIC BALANCING
A system of rotating masses is said to in static

balancing if the combined mass center of the system lies on the axis of rotation. If there is any unbalanced force in static system, then it can be balanced by placing equivalent mass in the opposite direction in the plane. Static balancing can be done manually by trial and error or also done precisely by using balancing machine.

DYNAMIC BALANCING
When the rotating masses are not in the

same plane, the centrifugal forces in addition to being out of balance, also form couple. A system of rotating masses is in dynamic balance when there does not exist any resultant centrifugal force as well as resultant couple. Placing equivalent rotating mass at suitable radius by trial and error to balance the unbalanced centrifugal force and disturbing couple is known as dynamic balancing.

VIBRATIONS

INTRODUCTON-VIBRATIONS
Vibration is a mechanical phenomenon whereby oscillations occur

about an equilibrium point. The oscillations may be periodic such as the motion of a pendulum or random such as the movement of a tire on a gravel road.

Vibration is occasionally "desirable". For example the motion of a

tuning fork, the reed in a woodwind instrument or harmonica, or the cone of a loudspeaker is desirable vibration, necessary for the correct functioning of the various devices.
unwanted sound noise. For example, the vibrational motions of engines, electric motors, or any mechanical device in operation are typically unwanted. Such vibrations can be caused by imbalances in the rotating parts, uneven friction, the meshing of gear teeth, etc. Careful designs usually minimize unwanted vibrations.

More often, vibration is undesirable, wasting energy and creating

DEFINATION
The repeated motion during a period of time of a

system having a body with mass and elasticity is known as vibrations

COMMON MECHANICAL SYSTEMS WHICH VIBRATES

SPRING MASS SYSTEM

SIMPLE PENDULUM
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

CANTILEVER BEAM

TORSIONAL PENDULUM

CAUSES OF VIBRATIONS

Unbalance force produced in the machine. Dry friction. Loose fittings. Incorrect alignment of the driving and driven shaft. Vibrating waves. Lack of isolation. Lack of compact oil. Excessive wind force on tall structures, over head transmission lines. Earthquake or accident or creation of sudden disturbing forces.

REMEDIES
In order to remove or minimize vibrations, it is necessary to

study and analyze the vibrating systems thoroughly and find the reasons causing vibrations. Following remedies are taken: I. If the system is unbalanced, its proper balancing is done and then only operated. II. Use vibration dampers/ shock absorbers. III. Make the structure rigid or use better materials of construction. IV. Use vibration isolator. V. Isolate the noise.

Classification of vibrations
based on actuating force on body based on stresses induced in the supporting medium

longitudinal vibration free vibration forced vibraton

torisonal vibration

transverse vibration

damped vibration

Un damped vibration

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