1139- Afonso Henriques of the House of Burgundy

Struggled to expel the Muslims for the next century

Last of the Muslim armies were pushed out of the Algarve (Southern tip of Portugal) by 1250

Neighboring kingdom of Castile (Spain) had to reluctantly recognize the independence of Portugal as they had their own struggle against the Muslims 1200s-1300s- King Denis establishes Portugal as Europes first modern nation-state

Due to their location on the west coast of the Iberian Peninsula, Portugal became the leader in the Age of Exploration Peaceful domestic situation allowed Portugal to turn their attentions outward Prince Henry the Navigator initiates the first voyages along the coast of Africa
Policy of exploration- systematic voyages outward
Each based on the intelligence collected from the former voyager and each traveling beyond its predecessor

Portugal first attempted to defeat the Muslims of West Africa

To establish Christianity in West Africa Commercial success also served as

motivation

1415- Portugal invaded Ceuta

Guardian city to the opening of the

Mediterranean Sea

Heading into the 16th century, Portugal monopolized the only sea lanes to India (around Africa) da Gamas cargo provided a return 60 times over the original cost of the expedition Portuguese maritime routes were proving to be far more lucrative than those of the Spaniards (during the first two decades of the 16th century) 1500- Pedro Cabral follows up da Gamas voyage by veering off course and ending up in Brazil

Later found to be on their side of the Line of

Demarcation

 Early

16th century- Portugal creates a network of trade outposts along the coasts of South America, Africa, and Asia
Not colonialas the purpose of the

settlements was to exploit the native populations and natural resources to produce wealth in Portugal itself

Columbuss discovery of the New World in 1492 angered the Portuguese Spanish claims in the New World went against the Popes decree

New lands were tabbed as belonging to the

Portuguese

1493- Pope Alexander VI creates a line of demarcation

All lands west of the line belonged to Spain All lands east of the line belonged to Portugal

Alexander owed King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella for his election
The Line of Demarcation favored Spain
All of the New World was located west of the line

The Popes decree made things uneasy between Spain and Portugal Result was the Treaty of Tordesillas

Moved the line farther west Allowed for Brazil to fall under Portuguese

territory

Religious intolerance and fervor Suspicion of foreigners Respect for the soldier rather than the farmer

Vice-royalty Captaincy-general Posts of visitador and adelantado

 North

America loomed as an undesirable barrier to a direct waterroute to Asia Thus the search for the elusive Northwest Passage The native inhabitants displayed little interest in trading with the Iberian merchants Who could blame them?

Spanish sailor who became the governor of Darien (Santa Maria de lAntigua)
First permanent Euro settlement in Panama,

North America

Set out in search of gold across the isthmus of Panama in 1513 Discovered the Pacific Ocean

Claimed it for Spain

Portuguese nobleman and expert sailor

Ventured to the East Indies from Europe in the

first decade of the 1500s

Believed in Columbuss theory of sailing west to get to the East Indies quicker Rejected by King Manuel I of Portugal

Portuguese sea routes had become prosperous

King Charles I of Spain jumped at the opportunity to sponsor Magellan

Sets out to circumnavigate the globe in 1519 Took one year to find a way around South America
Five ships and 265 officers and men

October 1520- takes five weeks to make his way around the Strait of Magellan
Southern tip of South America One ships crew mutinied at this point and sailed

Put down one mutiny and lost a ship to shipwreck

November 1520- entered the Pacific Ocean

Three ships and 150 crewmen

back to Spain

March 1521- Magellan reaches the island of Guam

Several months to cross the Pacific Lost 19 men to scurvy

From Guam he sailed to the Philippines

Got involved in a battle between native tribes and ended

dying

Magellans crew continued on leaving one unseaworthy ship behind Portuguese navy later confiscated one of the remaining two ships 1522- one ship (Vittoria) returned to Spain

18 sailors and 3 natives

1519- Spaniard Hernando Cortes sailed to Mexico looking for fame and fortune
550 soldiers, 16 horses, and 10 cannon

By 1520- subdued the Aztec nation The riches of the Aztecs were brought back to King Charles I (aka Emperor Charles V)

For the first time, Euros saw the New World as a

profitable destination Spaniards no longer looked beyond the Americas for their fame and fortune

1531- Spaniard Francisco Pizarro landed in Peru looking for fame and fortune
180 soldiers and 27 horses

Within the year, he subdued the Inca nation

13,265 lbs of gold 26,000 lbs of silver

King Atahualpa was put to death and the capital city of Cuzco was captured and the empire collapsed

1513- Ponce de Leon explored Florida looking for the legendary Fountain of Youth 1527- Panfilo de Narvaez explored the present-day US looking for wealth like Cortes had found in Mexico

1528 to 1536- Cabeza de Vaca and Esteban (African Slave) explored the present-day US looking for the legendary Seven Cities of Cibola 1539- Esteban and Father Marcos explored the present-day US looking for the Seven Cities of Cibola

1540- Francisco de Coronado led an expedition from Mexico northward into the present-day US looking for the Seven Cities of Cibola and the Strait of Anian (aka The Northwest Passage) 1539 to 1543- Hernando de Soto landed in Fort Myers, Florida and set out on an expedition across the American South looking for another Incan empire

 Spains

World Stretched from the southern US southward through the Caribbean Islands and into Central and South America

land claims in the New

Presidios
Forts / Soldiers

Missions
Churches / Monks

Haciendas
Estates / Planters

Encomienda
Spanish word for entrust

Enacted because the king and church objected to enslaving the Natives Spanish King entrusted a group of Native families to a Spanish settler in the New World
Natives had to pay tribute to the settler Through crops or forced labor

 Two

reasons for failure of the encomienda system

Spanish King reduced the power of the

encomienda lords over time as they had become too powerful Natives were dying by the millions due to the diseases (small pox, typhoid, and measles) that the Euros brought to the New World

New World claims were considered the kings personal property Supreme Council of the Indies

Headquartered in Spain Absolute power over colonial life

Head of the government in America was called the Viceroy

American colonies produced only what Spain needed and bought everything that they needed from Spain
Benefited the Mother Country twofold

Supreme Council of the Indies strictly enforced this rule upon the Spanish colonists in America

Spanish King and Catholic Church leaders thought it was their duty to bring Christianity to the Natives Established a system of missions throughout the Americas

Missions included churches, shops, farms, and

livestock Overseen by a few monks Some resembled the encomienda system, while others were pure in their intent to convert the Natives

1565- St. Augustine, Florida Established as a fort to control the borderlands between English and Spanish territory in America 1609- Santa Fe, New Mexico Established as the capital of Spanish colonies in America 1659 to 1721- El Paso, Texas Missions established by Father Kino throughout the region 1769 to 1776- San Diego San Francisco, California Missions established Father Serra up and down the coast

Nearly all Spanish settlers in America were men

Married Native women and created a race of

mixed blood people (Mestizos/Mexicans)

Populated small towns throughout California, Arizona, and New Mexico Lived peacefully for approximately 200 years until the arrival of Anglo-Americans in the early 1800s