Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
www.cmu.edu/electricity
Supported by: The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Tennessee Valley Authority Electric Power Research Institute U.S. Office of Naval Research U.S. National Science Foundation McDermott Technology U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ABB U.S. Department of Energy Alliant Energy National Rural Electrical Cooperative Association Pennsylvania Office of Energy & Technology Development New York State Research & Development Authority
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Should Mexico & Canada Open Electricity Markets & Integrate with the USA?
Open Markets Should Lower Prices But Impose Costs on Electricity Company & Workers Restructuring Must be Careful & Learn From Experience in UK, Austrailia, California, Integration has Large Benefits & Costs Careful of Unsettled US Markets Perhaps a DC Interface? 15
Thank You.
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0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 P, the size of the power outage in megawatts 35000
18
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A Solvable Problem
Survivability is the ability of a system to fulfill its missions, in a timely manner, in the presence of attacks, failures, or accidents.
H.F. Lipson & D. A. Fisher, Survivability A New Technical & Business Perspective on Security, Proceedings of the 1999 New Security Paradigms Workshop, Caledon Hills, Ontario, Sept. 2124, 1999, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, available at http://www.cert.org/research/.
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A simple example
When the power goes out, traffic snarls in urban cores, making it impossible for emergency vehicles to get through.
In a normal blackout, this is a problem. If a blackout were part of a terrorist attack, it could be very serious.
While old style traffic lights required something like 150 watts, modern traffic lights that use light emitting diodes (LEDs) use less than 15 watts. Combined with solid state electronic controllers, LED traffic lights can be kept running for several days on battery back-up. DHS might consider helping cities with the incremental cost of the batteries & controllers.
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A Solvable Problem
Recognize that blackouts will happen Reduce the social & economic costs by assuring that critical missions continue
Traffic lights Water & sewer pumps Natural gas pressure Emergency service systems Exit from subways & elevators Crucial economic functions
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To ensure that no firm has the power to raise price & profit by withholding capacity: Regulate price during high demand Increase generation capacity Increase transmission capacity Increase demand response Control firm size by divesting assets Long-Term contracts
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Transmission Muddles: Operation Transmission grid designed to get power from companys generators to customers not serve deregulated market Locational Marginal Prices (LMP) handle congestion Kirchhoffs Law makes LMP extremely sensitive to location of supply, demand, & transmission capacity Susceptible to gaming by market participants
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Transmission Muddles: Investment Dont use LMP to site new transmission! Merchant transmission => gaming, e.g., railroads in 1900 greenmail & disruption Transmission must be centrally planned, operated, & maintained
Ownership & control by utility ISO rules? Control by ISO maintenance, etc. by utility?
Pay for new transmission with LMP plus constant fee per MWhr-mile
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16
ME
14
Maine
Residential
12
10
/ kWh
Industrial
6
0 1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
28
16
OH
14
Ohio
12
10
Residential
/ kWh
Industrial
4
0 1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
29
16
NC
14
North Carolina
12
10
Residential / kWh
8
Industrial
4
0 1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
30
16
CA
14
California
Residential
12
10
/ kWh
Industrial
0 1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
31
16
NV
14
Nevada
12
10
/ kWh
Residential
Industrial
4
0 1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
32