Human-to-Human Relationship Model

Travelbee extended the interpersonal relationship theories of: Peplau Orlando

Unique Focus
With emphasis on Caring

Travelbees theory stresses:

Empathy

Sympathy Rapport

The Emotional Aspects of Nursing

The Relationship
A mutually significant meaningful

relationship (p. 125) through which the nursing needs of the individual (or family member) are met (Travelbee, 1966)
Phases of the Relationship Original Encounter Emerging Identities Empathy Sympathy Rapport

Empathy
To Travelbee Empathy is a verb, an action word that is:
the nurses most valuable method of communicating with patients operationalzed by the nurse within the nurse-patient relationship

To empathize is to gain an intellectual understanding of

the mental world and psychological state of another (Travelbee, 1966)

HOW:

Empathetic receivers (of communication form others):

Listen to the message Use own experiences to feel their way into the senders experience Know their own thoughts about their experience Use their own thoughts and experiences to become sensitive to the what the sender is telling them Know which boundaries exist between their experiences and thoughts and those of the sender Make a conscious choice to stay with the sender and help them to bear their experience (Donna, 1979, p. 50)

Sympathy
A process wherein an individual is able to comprehend the distress of another, be moved or touched by anothers distress, and desires to alleviate the cause. One shares in the feelings of another and experiences compassion.
(Travelbee, 1966, p. 146)

Rapport
The establishment of a nurse-patient relationship,

and the experience that is rapport is the terminus of all nursing endeavor. Rapport is that which is experienced when nurse and patent has progressed through the four interlocking phases preceding rapport and the establishment of a nurse-patient relationship, namely:
The original encounter 2. Emerging identities 3. Empathy
1. 4.

Sympathy (Travelbee, 1966, p. 155)

Travelbees View of Nursing

An interpersonal process between two

individuals
One needs assistance because of an illness The other able to give needed assistance

The Goal of the assistance is to facilitate the

individual to:

Cope with the illness situation Find meaning in the experience Grow from the experience

(Travelbee, 1966)

 Nursing
Person

Domain Concepts of Travelbees Theory Defined

prevent or cope with illness and suffering and find meaning in these experiences (Travelbee, 1966, pp. 5-6).

An interpersonal process whereby the professional nurse assists an individual to

...a unique irreplaceable individual-a one-time being in the world-like yet unlike any

person who has ever lived or ever will live(Travelbee, 1966, p. 26).

Health
the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard without distinction (Travelbee,

1966, p.7). an individually defined state of well-being in accord with self-appraisal of physicalemotional-spiritual status (Travelbee, 1971, p.9).

Environment
Not defined

Other Major Concepts of Travelbees Theory

Communication Nurse-Patient Relationship Human-to-Human Relationship Therapeutic Self Perception Suffering Hope Transcend Self Self-Actualization

A Propositions of Travelbees Theory

The Nurses perception of the

patient is a major factor in determining the quality and quantity of nursing care rendered to each Patient (Travelbee, 1966, p. 34).

A Proposition of Travelbees Theory

The quality of nursing care given is determined by the nurses beliefs about illness, suffering, and death (Travelbee, 1966, p. 55).

A Proposition of Travelbees Theory

The spiritual values [and] philosophical beliefs [of nurses] about illness and suffering will determine the extent to which they will be able to help patients find meaning (or no meaning)in these situations
(Travelbee, 1966, p. 55).

Travelbee Life Influences

Education
Honors Experience Personal

Travelbees Education
Crossman School (Elementary) 1939
Joseph Kohn High School 1943

Charity Hospital School of Nursing 1946

LSU (B.S.N. Ed.) 1956

Yale University (M.S.N.) 1959

Doctoral program enrollment (Florida, 1973)

Travelbees Honors
Kappa Delta Pi
Whos Who in American Education

Leaders in Science Edition

Teacher of the Year

University of Mississippi SON 1968

Outstanding Alumna Award

Louisiana State University 1970

Travelbees Experience
LSUMC SON Director of Graduate Education 1973

LSUMC SON 1971 1973

Hotel Dieu SON Project Director 1969 1971 University of Mississippi SON 1966-1969 New York University 1965-1966 LSU SON 1956-1965 Charity Hospital SON 1954-1956 De Paul Hospital Affiliate School 1952-1954

Travelbee Personal
Order of Diacalced

Carmelites Secular
Poetry

Order of Diacalced Carmelites

16th Century Reform of

Carmalite Nuns
Reestablish Carmelite

Objectives & Disciplines

St. Teresa of Avila St. John of the Cross

Known as Contemplative

Carmelites and later Discalced Carmelites

Order of Diacalced Carmelites Secular

Pervasive Ideas
1. The Secular Rule of Life, Plan for

Spiritual Growth
2. Vocation & Mission
Evangelical Life & Contemplative Prayer Apostolic & Contemplative Witness

3. Contemplative Prayer

Poetry
Uplifting Sounds New Orleans The Dreamer Sorrow Magnolia The wind is White tonight So?
Mental Health Patients
Hurry Inspiration

Sandra
Burnt Sienna Untitled

References
Catholic University of America (1967). Catholic

Encyclopedia. NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company. Donna, M.K., (1979). Intervention in psychiatric nursing (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis. LSU Personnel Records (1971). Biographical Data Form. New Orleans: LSU. Speziale, H.J. & Carpenter, D.R. (2007). Qualitative Research in Nursing Advancing the Humanistic Imperative. (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott. Travelbee, J. (n.d.) Poetry. New Orleans. Travelbee, J. (1966). Interpersonal aspects of nursing. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis. Travelbee, J. (1971). Interpersonal aspects of nursing (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis.