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Umiatin,M.Si
A. Introduction
Central Force always directed along the line connecting the center of the two bodies Occurs in : motion of celestial bodies and nuclear interaction
Central Force Motion as One Body Problem Suppose isolated system consist two bodies and separated a distance r = |r| with interaction between them described by a central force F(r), we need six quantities used to describe motion of those particle :
Method 1 :
To describe those, we need six quantities ( three component of r1 and three component of r2). The equation of motion of those particle are :
Method 2
Describe a system using center mass (R) and relative position (r).
R describes the motion of the center of mass and r describes the relative motion of one particle with respect to the other
No external forces are acting on the system, so the motion of the center of mass is uniform translational motion. R** = 0.
Two bodies problem has been simplified into one body problem.
By choosing the initial condition, vo, to, Ro = 0, the origin of coordinate coincides with center of mass R.
The eq of motion :
Become :
Hence the problem can be treated as a one body problem. Thus, whenever we use mass m instead of , we are indicating that the other mass is very large, whereas the use of indicates that either the two masses are comparable.
If the angular momentum L of mass is constant, its magnitude and direction are fixed in space. Hence, by definition of the cross product, if the direction of L is fixed in space, vectors r and p must lie in a plane perpendicular to L. That is, the motion of particle of mass is confined to a plane that is perpendicular to L.
As we the force acting at body is central force, three dimensional problem can be reduced into two dimensional. Using polar coordinate system :
The angular momentum of a particle of mass at a distance r from the force center is :
Since there are no dissipative systems and central forces are conservative, the total energy is constant :
Subtituting
C. Equation of Motion
From the previous description :
If we know V(r), these equations can be solved for (t) and r(t). The set [(t), r(t)] describes the orbit of the particle.
We will get t(r) then inverse r(t). But we are interested in the equation of the path in term r and
We may write :
And subtitute :
Then :
We find
Next find
Therefore :
Example
1. Find the force law for a central force field that allow a particle to move in logarithmic spiral orbit given by (k and are constant) :
Now determine :
We know that
D. Planetary Motion
The equation for the path of a particle moving under the influence of a central force whose magnitude is inversely proportional to the distance between the particle can be obtain from :