Mechanical Engineering

Dynamics DDE2063
BY
En. Khairulnizam Bin Othman
12.6 Motion of a Projectile
Projectile: any body that is given an initial
velocity and then follows a path determined
by the effects of gravitational acceleration
and air resistance.
Trajectory path followed by a projectile
Horizontal Motion is Uniform Motion
Notice that the Horizontal motion is in no way affected by the Vertical motion.
Projectile
Horizontal and vertical components of velocity
are independent.
Vertical velocity decreases at a constant rate
due to the influence of gravity.
Verify this mathematically
Horizontal Motion
Acceleration : a
x
= 0





Conclusion # 1: Horizontal velocity remains constant
Conclusion # 2: Equal distance covered in equal time intervals
x x c
v v t a v v ) ( ) (
0 0
= + =
+
t v x x t a t v x x
x c
) (
2
1
) (
0 0
2
0 0
+ = + + =
+
x x c
v v s s a v
v
) ( ) ( 2 ) (
0 0
2
0
2
= + =
+
t
x x
v
x
) (
0

=
Vertical Motion
a
c
= -g = 9.81 m/s
2




Conclusion # 1: Equal increments of speed gained in equal increments
of time
Distance increases in each time interval
gt v v t a v v
y y c
= + = | + ) ( ) (
0 0
2
0 0
2
0 0
2
1
) (
2
1
) ( gt t v y y t a t v y y
y c
+ = + + = | +
) ( 2
0
) ( 2 ) (
0
2
2
0
2
0
2
y y g s s a v
v
v v
y
y
c
= + = | +
Projectile Motion
Assumptions:
(1) free-fall acceleration
(2) neglect air resistance
Choosing the y direction as positive upward:
a
x
= 0; a
y
= - g (a constant)
Take x
0
= y
0
= 0 at t = 0
Initial velocity v
0
makes an
angle u
0
with the horizontal
v
0

x
y
u
v v v v
x y 0 0 0 0 0 0
= = cos sin u u
Maximum Height
At the peak of its trajectory, v
y
= 0.
From


Time t
1
to reach the peak

Substituting into:




g
v
t
y 0
1
=
g
v
y h
y
2
2
0
max
= =
0
0
= = = gt v gt v v
oy y y
2
0
2
1
gt t v y
y
=
Projection Angle
The optimal angle of projection is dependent on the
goal of the activity.
For maximal height the optimal angle is 90
o
.
For maximal distance the optimal angle is 45
o
.
10 degrees
Projection angle = 10 degrees
10 degrees
30 degrees
40 degrees
45 degrees
Projection angle = 45 degrees
10 degrees
30 degrees
40 degrees
45 degrees
60 degrees
Projection angle = 60 degrees
10 degrees
30 degrees
40 degrees
45 degrees
60 degrees
75 degrees
Projection angle = 75 degrees
So angle that maximizes Range
(u
optimal
) = 45 degrees
Example
A ball is given an initial velocity of V
0
= 37 m/s at an angle of u = 53.1. Find
the position of the ball, and the magnitude and direction of its velocity, when t =
2.00 s. Find the time when the ball reaches the highest point of its flight, and
find its height h at this point

The initial velocity of the ball has components:

v
0x
= v
0
cos
0
= (37.0 m/s) cos 53.1 = 22.2 m/s

v
0y
= v
0
sin
0
= (37.0 m/s) sin 53.1= 29.6 m/s

a) position
x = v
0x
t = (22.2 m/s)(2.00 s) = 44.4 m
y = v
0y
t - gt
2

= (29.6 m/s)(2.00 s) (9.80 m/s
2
)(2.00 s)
2
= 39.6 m
Solution (con.)
Velocity
v
x
= v
0x
= 22.2 m/s
v
y
= v
0y
gt = 29.6 m/s (9.80 m/s
2
)(2.00 s) = 10.0 m/s


( )
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
+ = + =
2 . 24 450 . 0 arctan
/ 2 . 22
/ 0 . 10
arctan
/ 3 . 24
) / 0 . 10 ( / 2 . 22
2
2
2 2
s m
s m
s m
s m s m v v v
y x
u
Solution (cont.)
b) Find the time when the ball reaches the highest point
of its flight, and find its height H at this point.


s
s m
s m
g
v
t
gt v v
y
y y
02 3
80 9
6 29
0
2
0
1
1 0
.
/ .
/ .
= = =
= =
m
s s m s s m
gt t v H
y
7 . 44
) 02 . 3 )( / 80 . 9 (
2
1
) 02 . 3 )( / 6 . 29 (
2
1
2 2
2
1 0
1
=
=
=
Solution (cont.)
c) Find the horizontal range R, (that is, the horizontal
distance from the starting point to the point at which the
ball hits the ground.)

m s s m t v R
x
134 ) 04 . 6 )( / 2 . 22 (
2 0
= = =
)
2
1
(
2
1
0
2 0 2
2
2 2 0
gt v t gt t v y
y y
= = =
s
s m
s m
g
v
t and t
y
04 . 6
/ 80 . 9
) / 6 . 29 ( 2
2
0
2
0
2 2
= = = =
A ball traveling at 25 m/s drive off of the edge of a
cliff 50 m high. Where do they land?
25 m/s
Vertically
v = v
0
-gt
y = y
0
+ v
0
t + 1/2gt
2
.
v
2
= v
0
2
- 2g(y-y
0
).

Horizontally
x = x
0
+ (v
0
)
x
t

x = 25 *3.19 = 79.8 m

79.8 m
Initial Conditions
v
x
= 25
m
/
s

v
y0
= 0
m
/
s

a = 9.8
m
/
s
2

t = 0
y
0
= 0 m
y = 50 m
x
0
=0 m
50 = 0+0+1/2(9.8)t
2
t = 3.19 s
Review
Example 12.11
Example 12.12
Example 12.13