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22nd June 2000 Andrew Coyte AIRCOM 3g Software Project Manager Andrew.Coyte@aircom.co.uk
Presentation structure
IMT-2000 Multiple Access using Spread Spectrum Soft Blocking Services Soft Handover Conclusions
IM
T2 -2 2 2
a r m
o n i s a t i o n
o r e
e t w
o r k sG
E v o l v e d S M
E v o l v e d
2 2N A
S I-
IP B a s e d n e t w o r k s
I n t e r - N
e t w
o r k
r o a m
i n g
e t w o r k - t o - N In t e r f a c e s
e t w
o r k
The cross-correlation should be zero or very small Each sequence in the set has an equal number of 1s and 1s, or the number of 1s differs by the number of 1s by at most 1. The scaled dot product of each code should be equal to 1.
c 2( t )
e d i u m
c 2( t )
m 2( t ) m 2( t ) c 2( t )
c 2( t )
c 2( t )
T r a n s m
i t t e r s
h a n n e l
e c e i v e r
spectrum is narrowband.
The spreading code spectrum is wideband. The baseband signal is spread out across the bandwidth of the spreading code signal, when it is multiplied by the spreading code in the time domain.
s i g n a l
r e
q u
c y
a s e b a n d
r e
s i g
c k g
r o
i s e
F C a r r i e r b a2 n 2d 2 w2 i d t h = .
r e
q u
e M
n H
c y z
i g n a l a f t e r
s p r e a d i n g
U U U U U F r e q u e n
. .
s s s s
2e 2e 2e 2e
r r r r r
s Ne c y
p r e a d
Ns u g s n e a r ls i
The diagram shows that CDMA communication channels operate at a negative signal-to-noise ratio.
s i t i v e
r e
q u
c y
e - s p r e a d
s i g n a l
Services (1)
In CDMA Systems, we use the communications link metric Eb/No or Energy per bit per noise power density to express a the radio link requirement Achieved Eb/No relates to the conventional signal-to-noise ratio by the following equation [1]:
Eb S W = N2 N R
Eb No S N W R
Energy per bit Noise power density Average signal modulating power Total noise power Transmitted bandwidth Bit rate (baseband)
Services (2)
In UMTS, services will be available which operate at different data rates - e.g. 384 kbit/s mobile video, 8 kbit/s voice etc. The system will also support services that can change data rate dynamically during a session. As the bit rate R increases for a particular connection, so the transmitter signal power S must increase in order to maintain Eb/No. In the uplink, noise N will comprise of thermal noise, noise from other communication systems and all other local users of the same system (i.e. home and neighbouring cells).
Services (3)
The following service parameters will be specified (separately for uplink and downlink) by the network operators:
Required Eb/No for coherent detection in the receiver Acceptable Bit Error Rate (BER) Acceptable delay Range of supported data types Data Transfer mode
Circuit switched (voice and data) Packet switched (for unconstrained delay packet data transfers)
U P o w e r ( d B )
s e r
q u i p
e n
T T
D
A R
D O
D P
d
C e l l A i n a c t i v e C e l ls A & B in s e ta c t i v e C s e t ( S o f t H a n d o v e r ) e l l B
i s t a n
i n
c e
( k m
s e t
a c t i v e
Conclusions
Benefits of CDMA systems:
Simple frequency planning - only one frequency! Imperceptible Soft Handovers More efficient use of radio spectrum (channels are defined by codes, not by frequency channels with guard bands) Good resistance to frequency selective fading More difficult to plan - cell breathing, soft handover, etc. Near far problem - users close to BS can block remote users Partial correlation - channelisation codes need to be synchronised to maintain orthogonality Traffic modelling for packet switched services is very difficult Difficult branches of CDMA - cdmaOne, cdma2000 and IS-95
Disadvantages