Airport Operations and Markings

Overview

Safety of Flight Airports Airport Operations Airport Signs Runway Incursion Avoidance LAHSO Airport lighting

References

AIM

Chapter 2 FAA.gov Chapter 12 FAA.gov Chapter 4

Pilots Handbook Of Aeronautical Information

Jeppesen Private Pilot Manual

Objectives

Better understand the environment you will operating in. Learn the basic safety measures that should be taken in and around airport environments Recognize and understand basic airport markings, signs and lighting Know the definition of LAHSO, when it may be used and who can/should participate

Safety of Flight

Collision Avoidance

Majority of Midair Collisions

VFR 5 miles of airport Daylight

See and Avoid

Safety of Flight

Visual Scanning

Normal field of vision is about 200 degrees Sharp focus, detail in narrow cone of about 10 degrees Use a series of short, regularly spaced eye movements (10 degrees every 10 sec)

Safety of Flight

Visual Scanning

Aircraft that doesnt appear to be moving? Bright Sunlight Haze, reduced visibility Empty field myopia

Safety of Flight

Blind Spots

High wing

Turning Takeoff Approach and Landing phases Shallow S-turns

Low wing

Avoid climbing or descending at steep angles

Safety of Flight

Airport Operations

Maneuvering

Clearing Turns Distress Head on Overtaking Converging Landing/Lowest Congested Area Uncongested

Right of Way Rules

Minimum Safe Altitudes

Safety of Flight

Taxiing in Wind

Left Front Quartering

Turn yoke left, left aileron comes up Turn yoke Right, right aileron comes up Down elevator/stabilator Turn yoke right, right aileron comes up Turn Yoke left, Down elevator/stabilator

Left Back Quartering

Right Front Quartering

Right Back Quartering

Safety of Flight

Wake Turbulence

Vortex Generation

Avoid region within 100 feet of vortex Heavy, clean and slow Circulation is outward and upward

Safety of Flight

Landing behind a larger aircraft on the same runway

Stay at or above the larger aircrafts approach flightpath and land beyond its touchdown Touch down well before the large aircrafts liftoff point Lift off beyond its touchdown location Lift off before the large airplanes rotation point and climb out above or upwind of its flight path

Landing behind departing aircraft Departing after a large aircraft has landed Taking off behind a large aircraft Learn more! AIM 7-3

Safety of Flight

Positive exchange of controls

Always know who is flying

Passing: You have control Taking: I have control Passing: You have control

Airports

Controlled

Operating control tower Two way radio required No Tower No radio required

Uncontrolled

Airports

Airports

Traffic Patterns

Airports

Wind Indicators

Wind Sock Wind Tee Tetrahedron Segmented Circle

Airports

Noise Abatement

Designated runway Restrict some operations Tower, A/FD

Airport Markings

VFR and IFR

Airport Markings

Airport Markings

Displaced Threshold

Obstruction May be available for taxi White line marks the

Beginning of landing portion

Airport Markings

Blast Pad/Stopway Area

White line marks beginning of useable runway

Cannot be used for landing, takeoff or taxiing Propeller or jet blast can dissipate without creating a hazard Can be used in the event of an aborted takeoff

Yellow Chevrons indicate blast pad/unusable portion of runway

Airport Markings

Runway Closure

Mayor Delay bulldozes airport Other operations NOTAM should be issued

Airport Markings

Taxiway

Continuous yellow stripe Hold lines

Wherever Taxiway intersects runway You are clear of runway on the side with the solid lines

Airport Markings

ILS hold line

Hand Signals

Airport Signs

Mandatory Instruction Sings

Entrance to runway, critical area or prohibited area Red with white letters or numbers

Airport Signs

Location Signs

Identify Taxiway or runway where you are currently located Identify runway boundary or ILS critical area for area exiting runway Black background with yellow writing and border

Airport Signs

Direction Sign

Indicate directions of taxiways leading out of an intersection Yellow background, Black writing Arrows

Airport Signs

Destination Signs

Indicate general direction to location on airport FBO, Military or international areas Yellow background, black writing, arrow

Airport Signs

Information Sign

Advise you of good to know information

Areas that cannot be seen from control tower Radio Frequencies Noise Abatement

Yellow Background, Black inscription

Airport Signs

Runway Distance Remaining

Distance remaining information to pilots during takeoff and landing Located on sides of runway Thousands of feet Turbojet aircraft Black with White writing

Airport Signs

Runway Incursion Avoidance

Any occurrence at an airport involving an aircraft, vehicle, person or object on the ground that creates a collision hazard or results in loss of separation with an aircraft taking off or intending to take off, landing or intending to land

Runway Incursion Avoidance

Study airport layout during preflight Complete checklists while stationary Lear and unambiguous pilot- controller communication readback! Know your location, do not become distracted Stop and ask if unsure Position yourself to see landing aircraft Monitor appropriate frequency Stay with tower after landing until instructed to change Use your taxi/landing lights when practical Report confusing markings or signs Make sure you understand the required procedures such as LAHSO

Land and Hold Short Operations

Landing and then holding short of an intersecting runway, taxiway, predetermined point or an approach/departure flight path Increases airport capacity, maintain system efficiency and enhance safety Student pilots conducting solo ops are not authorized to participate Must be trained and qualified Acceptance indicates you fully understand all aspects

Airport Lighting

Airport Beacon

Used to guide pilots to lighted airports Green/White: Civilian Green/yellow: water airport Green/2 white: Military Green/yellow/white: Heliport

Visual Glideslope Indications

Tri-color VASI

Visual Glideslope Indicator

Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI)

Visual Glideslope Indicators

Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI)

Visual Glideslope Indicators

Pulsating Approach Slope Indicator

Airport Lighting

Runway Edge Lights

Single row of white lights bordering each side of runway and lights identifying the runway threshold Three Intensity Levels: High Intensity (HIRLs), Medium Intensity runway lights (MIRLs), and Low intensity runway lights (LIRLs) Some are Pilot Controlled, some ATC controlled High intensity white strobe lights placed on each side of the runway to mark the threshold White Blue

Runway End Identifier Lights (REILS)

Runway Lights

Taxiway Lights

Pilot Controlled Lighting

Use your aircrafts microphone on specified frequency (CTAF) Check A/FD Click mike 7 times

Max intensity Medium intensity Low intensity

Click mike 5 times

Click mike 3 times

Obstruction Lighting

On and Off airport Day and night Towers Buildings Powerlines Bright red or white