sorting

TECHNIQUES
By…
Sukanta behera
Reg. No. 07SBSCA048
 Topic overview:
 NOTES ON SORTING.

 SELECTION SORT ALGORITHM AND

EXAMPLE.

 BUBBLE SORT ALGORITHM AND

EXAMPLE.

 MERGE SORT ALGORITHM AND

EXAMPLE.

 QUICK SORT ALGORITHM AND EXAMPLE.

 SORTING:
 The sorting technique asks us to rearrange
the given items of a given list in ascending
order.
 As a practical manner, we usually need to
sort lists of numbers, characters from an
alphabet, character strings, and most
important records in an institutions,
companies etc.
 For example, we can choose to sort student
 Selection sort:
 Selection sort and Bubble sorting techniques are
coming under Brute Force method, which is a
straightforward approach to solving a problem’s
statement and definitions of the concepts involved.

ALGORITHM SelectionSort(A[o..n-1])
//The algorithm sorts a given array by selection sort
//Input: An array A[0..n-1] of orderable elements
//Output: Array A[0..n-1] sorted in ascending order
for i=0 to n-2 do
min=i
for j=i+1 to n-1 do
if A[j] < A[min], min=j
swap A[i] and A[min]
 Bubble sort:
 Bubble sort is comes under Brute Force method. The
sorting problem is to compare adjacent elements of
the list and exchange them if they are out of order .
By doing it repeatedly, we end up “bubbling up” the
largest element to the last position of the list and vice
versa.

ALGORITHM BubbleSort(A[0..n-1])

//The algorithm sorts array A[0..n-1] by bubblesort

//Input: An array A[0..n-1] of orderable elements

//Output: Array A[0..n-1] sorted in ascending order

for i=0 to n-2 do

for j=0 to n-2-I do

 Merge sort:
 Merge sort is a perfect example of a successful application of
the Divide and Conquer method. It sorts a given array A[0..n-
1] by dividing it into two halves A[0..[n/2]-1] and A[[n/2]…n-
1]. Sorting each of them recursively and then merging the two
smaller sorted arrays into a single sorted one.

ALGORITHM Mergesort(A[0..n - 1])

//Sorts array A[0..n - 1] by recursive mergesort
//Input: An array A[0..n - 1] of orderable elements
// Output: Array A[0..n - 1] sorted in decreasing order
if n > 1
copy A[0..[n/2] - 1] to B[0…[n/2] - 1]
copy A[[n/2]..n - 1] to C[0…[n/2] - 1]
Mergesort (B[0..[n/2] - 1])
Mergesort (C[0..[n/2] - 1])
Merge (B, C, A)
 89 45 68 90 29 34 17
12

89 45 68 90 29 34 17 12

89 68 29 17
45 90 34 12
8 4 6 9 2 3 1 1
9 5 8 0 9 4 7 2

45 68
29 34 12 17
89 90

45 68 89 90 12 17 29 34

12 17 29 34 45 68 89
90
 Quick Sort:
 Quick sort is another important sorting algorithm that is
based on the Divide and Conquer method. It divides the
input elements according to their value. Specifically, it
rearranges elements of a given array A[0..n – 1] to achieve
its partition.

ALGORITHM Quicksort(A[l…r])

//Sorts a subarray by quicksort

//Input: A subarray A[l…r] of A[0..n – 1], defined by its left & right
indices

//Output: The subarray A[l…r] sorted in nondecreasing order

if l < r
 ALGORITHM Partition(A[l…r])
//Partitions a subarray by using its first element as a pivot
//Input: A subarray A[l..r] of A[o…n – 1], defined by its left
and right
// indices l and r (l < r)
//Output: A partition of A[l..r], with the split position returned
as this
// function’s values
p = A[l]
i = l; j = r + 1
repeat
repeat i = i + 1 until A[i] >= p
repeat j = j - 1 until A[j] <= p
Swap(A[i], A[j])
until i >= j
swap(A[i], A[j]) //undo last swap when i >= j
swap(A[l],A[j])
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2
3 4 5 6 7
5 i3 1 9 8 2 4 j7 1 2 3
4
5 3 1 i9 8 2 j4 7 1
5 3 1 i4 8 2 j9 7 3
ij4
5 3 1 4 i8 j2 9 7 i3
j4
5 3 1 4 j2 i8 9 7
4
 Insertion sort:
 Insertion sort comes under Decrease and Conquer
method. In this method, we consider an application of
the decrease-by-one technique to sorting an array A[0…
n – 1].

ALGORITHM Insertionsort(A[0…n – 1])

//Sorts a given array by insertion sort
// Input: An array A[0…n – 1] of n orderable elements
// Output: Array A[0…n – 1] sorted in nondecreasing order
for i =1 to n – 1 do
v = A[i]
j=i–1
while j >= 0 and A[j ] > v do
A[j + 1] = A[j]
j=j–1
A[j + 1] = v