Unit 10

Lexicon. Characteristics of word formation in English. Prefixation, suffixation and compounding.

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1. Lexicon
1.1. Lexicography. Haga clic para modificar el estilo de subttulo del patrn 1.2.The Evolution of the modern dictionary.

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Types of Lexicography
n

Alphabetical lexicography

Thematic Lexicography

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Products of lexicography
If account for size type n 20-volume Oxford Dictionary Monolingual n The Concise Oxford Dictionary Bilingual n The Pocket Oxford Dictionary Multilingual n The Collins Gem Phonetical Etymologies Synonyms and antonyms.etc.
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The evolution of modern dictionaries.

First English to English word list

A Table Alphabeticallby Robert Cawdrey

1603. It contained 2,500 words.

By the 50s of XVII Century were Included in dictionaries as well

Etylomologies

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In 1700, words in dictionaries.

John Kersey

dares to add frequent

The gratest figure in English lexicography in the XVIII was

Samuel Johnson.

The gratest lexicographical effort ever made was The

Oxford English Dictionary.

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Dictionaries in America
n

Noah Webster is the great pioneer

in lexicography. His dictonary published in 1828 had the title An American Dictionary of

the English Language

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English word formation

Affixation. Compounding. Conversion. Other devices: reduplication, clipping, blending, acronyms.

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Prefixation
n

Characteristics of prefixes

Generally they do not alter the word class of the base. The are normally written together with the base as a single word. Main stress falls normally on the base. They can be grouped according to their meaning.
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Negative Prefixes
n n n n n

un- unfair, unadorned, unfortunately. non- non-conformist, non-existent. in- invisible, illogical, impossible, irresponsible. a(n)- amoral, atheist. dis- disloyal, disobey, disfavour
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Reversible Prefixes
n

un- undo, undress, unhorse. de- defrost, depoliticize. dis- discouraging, disheartened,desinterested.

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Pejorative Prefixes
n

mis- mishear, misconduct, misleading, misrepresentation. mal- maltreat, malformed, malfunction. pseudo- pseudo-scientific, pseudo- classicism.
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Prefixes of degree and size

n n n n n n n n

arch- archduke, archenemy. super- supermarket, superman. out- outlive, outdo, outrun. sur- surcharge, sub- subnormal, substandard. over-/under- overdo, undertook hyper-/ultra- hypersensitive. mini-/macro-/micro- microwave.
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Prefixes of attitude
n n n

co- cooperative, cohabit, codirector, co-proprietor. counter- counter-espionage, counter-attack. anti-/pro- anti-nuclear, antidemocracy.

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Locative Prefixes
n n n n

super- super-structure. sub- subway, subconscious, subdivide. inter- international, intermarry, interwave, interplay. trans- transatlantic, transplant.

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Prefixes of time and order

n n n n

fore- foretell, foreman, forewarn. pre-/post- pre-historial, premarital. ex- ex-minister, ex-wife. re- rebuild, relocation, re-elegible.

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Number Prefixes
n

uni-/mono- monosyllable, unilateral. bi-/di- dichotomy, bifocal. multi-/poly-/pluri multiracial

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Conversion prefixes
n

be- bewigged, bewitch, bedazzle, befriend ( a dog ). en-/em- endanger, empower. a- afloat.

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To Summarize

Negative Prefixes. Reversible Prefixes. Pejorative Prefixes. Prefixes of degree and size. Prefixes of attitude. Locative prefixes. Prefixes of time and order. Number Prefixes. Conversion Prefixes.
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Suffixation
n

Characteristics of suffixes.

They normally alter the word type of the base. Suffixes rarely have a distinct meaning on their own. The change the word into which they are included into another part of speech. The can be classified according to the speech part they form, or according to the type of base the are added to.
2020

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Noun suffixes
v

Occupational.

-eer engineer, auctitioneer. -ster gangster, gamester, trickster. -er Londoner, banker
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Noun Suffixes
v

Diminutive and femenine. -let booklet, owlet, piglet. -ette cigarrette, kitchenette. -ess countess, hostess. -y Johnny, daddy, pussy
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Noun Suffixes ( Abstract )

Status, domain, etc. -hood boyhood, brotherhood, flasehood, likelihood.
v

-ship friendship, companionship -dom,-ocracy, -ery/-ry.

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Noun Suffixes
v

Quantity.

-ful handful, spoonful

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Noun/adjective suffixes
-ite Israelite, Rafaelite. -(i)an Shakespearian, Elizabethan. -ese Japanese. -ist novelist, violinist, typist. -ism Cummunism, Imperialistm.
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De-verbal suffixes
-er worker, onlooker, drinker. -ant inhabitant, occupant. -ation operation, exploration. -ment arrangement, argument. -al approval, refusal -ing swimming, living, painting, building. -age package, peerage, shortage. -ee trainee, employee.
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De-adjectival suffixes
-ness goodness, happiness, selfishness. -ity/-able/-ible/-al readable, readability, sentimental, sentimentality.

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Verb suffixes
-ify certify, identify. -ize scandalize, organise. -en blacken, sadden.
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Adjective Suffixes
-able readable, drinkable. -al chemical, criminal, special. -ful beautiful, plentiful. -ed blue-eyed, odd-shaped. -en wooden, leaden. -ic Germanic, specific. -ish foolish, boyish, snobbish. -less helpless, hopeless. -like friendly, child-like
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Adverb suffixes
-ly happily, freely, instantly. -wards onwards, eastwards. -wise clockwise.
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To Summarize Suffixes

Noun Suffixes. Noun/Adjective suffixes. De-verbal suffixes. De-adjectival suffixes. Verb suffixes. Adjective suffixes. Adverb suffixes.
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Compounding.
Haga clic para modificar el estilo de Oil paper subttulo del patrn Paperclip Paper aeroplane (to)wallpaper Wastepaper Wastepaper basket

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Characteristics of compounds.
n n

The can be written together, (solid) separately or with a hyphen. Phonologically are identified as for having the main stress on the first element.
blackbird _____,_____ a species of bird. blackbird _____ _____ a bird which is back

They can consist of two or three words.

sister-in-law, baby-sitter, air-conditioner.

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Other compound nouns come from...

v

Particle + Noun Verb + Noun. overkill. pickpoket. Adverb + Noun. Verb + Verb. new generation make-belive. Verb + Particle Adjective + Noun. press down fast-food. Phrase compounds Whisky and soda 4/26/12

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Groups of compound nouns.

Compound nouns can be countable, uncountable, singular or plural and grouped like that.

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Common countable compound nouns.

n n n n n n n n

Heart attack Address book High school Air conditioner Human Air raid being Letter-box Baby-sitter Passer-by Bank account Pen-friend Brother-in-law Polar bear Bus-stop Police station. Can opener 4/26/12

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Common uncoutable compound nouns

n n n n n n n n

Lost control Birthproperty Mail order Central heating Make up Common sense Old age Dry-cleaning Remote control Family planning Social security Fancy dress First aid Fast-food Water-skiing Income tax 4/26/12

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Common singular compound nouns

n n n n

Mother-tongue Cost of living Public sector Fire brigade Solar system Generation gap Welfare state. Human race

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Common plural compound nouns.

n n n n n

Road works Armed forces Social services Civil rights Winter sports High heels Yellow rights Humanpages Luxury goods
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Compound adjectives.
n

They are made up of two or more words, usually written with hyphens between them. They may be qualitative classifying or colour adjectives.

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Common patterns to make compound adjectives.

n n n

Adjective or number + noun + -ed red-haired Adjective or adverb + past participle low-paid Adjective, adverb or noun +present participle good-looking
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Rule for compound adjectives

n

A few compound adjectives are made up of more than two words and they are often written with hyphens when they are used in front of nouns, and without hyphens when they are used as the complement of a link verb.
It was a free-and-easy relatioship. That book is out of date.
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n n

Groups of Compound adjectives.

n n n n n n n n n n n n

Compound qualitative adjectives Absent minded. Easy-going. Second-class Low-paid Starry-eyed Nice looking Tender-hearted Old fashioned Well-behaved Open-minded Well-dressed Well-known. 4/26/12 4343

Groups of Compound adjectives.

n n n n n n n

Long-distance Compound classifying adjectives Made-up Audio-visual North-east Brand-new One-way Built-up Second-hand Deep-sea Tax-free Duty-free Top-secret
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Groups of Compound adjectives.

Compound colour adjectives q Blood-red q Bottle-green Royal-blue q Nut-brown Sky-blue q Snow-white.

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Compound Verbs.
n n

They are usually written with an hyphen. Pattern formation: noun + verb sky-dive verb + noun shun-pike verb + verb freeze-dry adjective + verb double-book particle + verb overbook
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Groups of compound verbs

Intransitive compound verbs: Baby-sit hitch-hike Ice-skate roller-skate Water-ski window-shop Transitive compound verbs: Back-comb ill-treat Dry-clean tape record Compound verbs used in transitive or intransitive clauses: Bottle-feed sight-read Mass-produce spring-clean Shrt-circuit tie-dye

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