DIAMONDS & POLYGONS:

Frameworks for inclusive urbanization

SUMILA GULYANI
Urbanization Knowledge Platform The World Bank, Washington, DC

THE DISCOURSE ON INCLUSION

1. Poverty rates & income inequality

poverty rate (absolute poverty); Gini coefficient (relative poverty)

2. Poverty is rural in South Asia 3. Mitigate by using social safety nets

e.g. employment guarantee schemes, food subsidies, pensions

(conditional) cash transfer programs

4. Rights-based approaches & universal access goals

Right to education, housing, justice, health care, water; MDGs

5. Participatory & inclusive governance

As inequality or exclusion , social tensions
S. Gulyani-June 2008

POVERTY MAP: NAIROBI

S. Gulyani-June 2008

1
DIAMONDS AND POLYGONS Plotting conditions in Nairobi and Dakar

NAIROBIS SLUMS

DEVELOPMENT DIAMOND: NAIROBIs SLUMS

WELFARE
% above poverty line

28%

LIVING CONDITIONS
% with perm wall, water and electricity

3%

68%

EMPLOYMENT
% working

79%

EDUCATION
S. Gulyani-June 2008 % completed primary

DEVELOPMENT DIAMOND: DAKARs SLUMS

WELFARE
% above poverty line

18%

LIVING CONDITIONS
% with perm wall, water and electricity

39% 74%

EMPLOYMENT
% working

36%

EDUCATION
S. Gulyani-June 2008 % completed primary

SLUM DEVELOPMENT DIAMOND: SLUMS of NAIROBI AND DAKAR

WELFARE % above poverty line

WELFARE % above poverty line

28% 18%

LIVING CONDITIONS % with perm wall, water and electricity

3%

68%

EMPLOYMENT % working

LIVING CONDITIONS % with perm wall, water and electricity

39% 74%

EMPLOYMENT % working

36%

79%

EDUCATION % completed primary

EDUCATION % completed primary

NAIROBI

DAKAR

S. Gulyani-June 2008

LIVING CONDITIONS DIAMOND INFRASTRUCTURE

TENURE

UNIT

S. Gulyani-June 2008

NEIGHBORHOOD & LOCATION

INFRASTRUCTURE POLYGON: NAIROBIS SLUMS

PIPED WATER

ELECTRICITY

22% 19%

DRAINAGE

25%

25%

TOILET

12%

12%

GARBAGE PICKUP
S. Gulyani-June 2008

SEWAGE DISPOSAL

INFRASTRUCTURE POLYGON: DAKARS SLUMS

PIPED WATER

ELECTRICITY
82%

84%

DRAINAGE

94% 4%

TOILET

73%

66%

GARBAGE PICKUP
S. Gulyani-June 2008

SEWAGE DISPOSAL

INFRASTRUCTURE POLYGON: NAIROBI AND DAKAR

PIPED WATER

ELECTRICITY

PIPED WATER

ELECTRICITY 82%

84% 19% DRAINAGE 22% TOILET DRAINAGE 4% 94% TOILET

25%
12% 12%

25%

73% GARBAGE PICKUP SEWAGE DISPOSAL GARBAGE PICKUP

66% SEWAGE DISPOSAL

NAIROBI

DAKAR

S. Gulyani-June 2008

THE LIVING CONDITIONS DIAMOND: Why is quality so bad in Nairobi?

LIVING CONDITIONS DIAMOND: A DYNAMIC FRAMEWORK INFRASTRUCTURE

TENURE

UNIT

S. Gulyani-June 2008

NEIGHBORHOOD & LOCATION

LIVING CONDITIONS DIAMOND: NAIROBI

INFRASTRUCTURE
- 22% have electricity - Water: 19%, toilets: 25%; drains: 25%; sewer: 12% - Public garbage collection: 11%; street lights: 17%

TENURE
- 8% own homes - Informal land tenure - Move house in 5 yrs (avg)

UNIT
- 12% have permanent walls - 1.6 rooms per household - 2.6 persons per room

NEIGHBORHOOD & LOCATION

S. Gulyani-June 2008 - 37% feel safe - High density, irregular layout - Some located in hazardous sites

LIVING CONDITIONS DIAMOND: NAIROBI AND DAKAR

INFRASTRUCTURE 22% with electricity

INFRASTRUCTURE 82% with electricity

TENURE 8% own homes

UNIT 12% with permanent walls

TENURE 74% own homes

UNIT 96% with permanent walls

NEIGHBORHOOD & LOCATION 37% feel safe

NEIGHBORHOOD & LOCATION 48% feel safe

NAIROBI
S. Gulyani-June 2008

DAKAR

WHAT SHOULD BE DONE? IN WHAT SQUENCE?

WHAT SHOULD BE DONE? SEVERAL OPTIONS

WELFARE
% above poverty line

PIPED WATER

ELECTRICITY

28%

19% PUBLIC TRANSIT

22% TOILET

LIVING CONDITIONS
% with perm wall, water and electricity

3%

68%

EMPLOYMENT
% working

20%
12% 12%

25%

79%

EDUCATION
% completed primary

GARBAGE PICKUP

SEWAGE DISPOSAL

SLUM DEVELOPMENT
(Improving lives)

INFRASTRUCTURE
(Improving services)

S. Gulyani-June 2008

UPGRADINGS MESO GOAL?: IMPROVING LIVING CONDITIONS

INFRASTRUCTURE
- 22% have electricity

TENURE
- 8% own homes

UNIT
- 12% have permanent walls

NEIGHBORHOOD & LOCATION

- 37% feel safe S. Gulyani-June 2008

S. Gulyani-June 2008

AND IN DAKAR, EMPHASIZE EDUCATION & JOBS

WELFARE
% above poverty line

18%

LIVING CONDITIONS
% with perm wall, water and electricity

39% 74%

EMPLOYMENT
% working

36%

EDUCATION
S. Gulyani-June 2008 % completed primary

4
BROADER IMPLICATIONS
S. Gulyani-June 2008

BROADER IMPLICATIONS: URBAN POVERTY & INCLUSION

1. Poverty is multi-dimensional. Its not just income. 2. Inclusive access to jobs, education, living conditions 3. Education/incomes insufficient to ensure good living conditions
They are a key element of poverty Improving living conditions must be a development goal in itself Urban policymakers should push for both of the above

S. Gulyani-June 2008

BROADER IMPLICATIONS: URBAN POVERTY & INCLUSION

4. Heterogeneity among & within cities

Within cities: among neighborhoods & among HHs

5. Entry points for inclusion vary by context

6. Diamonds & Polygons: Tools for decisions

Provide baselines & overtime highlight dynamics

Help reveal what interventions Help understand how to intervene

S. Gulyani-June 2008

MNA > ARABIA > AGRABAH PEER GROUPS: WB PROJECTS: Mid-East , C40 , C100
Transport | Urban

MAYORs DASHBOARD Environment GHG emission/capita:

PROTOTYPE

Development s: Infrastructure MDG & (report)

Air pollution: PM2.5 or PM10

Global Rankings INDEX Population GDP Economics & Business

UNEMPLOYMENT: DOING BUSINSS:

WORLD 131 139 20 N/A 62

58%
7
FIRM S

MNA 9 7 3 N/A 3

Green Index 11% Congestion Livable Index Satisfaction Confidence BUDGET ALLOCATN: ASSETS / LIABILITIES STAFF: parks, public space, cultural, brown-field, crime, climate vuln 62,205

5th (Natl) | 42nd (MNA)

Citizen Feedback
COMPOSITION (report) GROWTH (report)
ENTERPRISES

City Management & Finance CREDIT RATING REVENUE EXPENDITURE DEBT

CONSUME R

A- (report)
$3,523 mil, $210/capita $4,100 mil, $244/capita $8,300 mil , $290/capita

Thematic Indicators Economy Environment Social Inclusion Governance

THANK YOU

5
WHAT SHOULD BE DONE IN DAKAR?
S. Gulyani-June 2008

INFRASTRUCTURE POLYGON: DAKARS SLUMS

PIPED WATER

ELECTRICITY
82%

84%

DRAINAGE

94% 4%

TOILET

73%

66%

GARBAGE PICKUP
S. Gulyani-June 2008

SEWAGE DISPOSAL

Dakar

DEVELOPMENT DIAMOND: DAKAR

WELFARE
% above poverty line

18%

LIVING CONDITIONS
% with perm wall, water and electricity

39% 74%

EMPLOYMENT
% working

36%

EDUCATION
S. Gulyani-June 2008 % completed primary

TENURE MIX AND COMPLEX POLITICAL ECONOMY

To unlock the tap and improve housing,

need to alter tenure mix. Need a deal between govt, structure owners and tenants
S. Gulyani-June 2008