PRESENTATION ON RELAYS AND CIRCUIT BREAKERS

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INTRODUCTION OF SWITCH GEAR.

TYPES OF SWITCH GEAR EQUIPMENT:1. 2. 3. 4.

CIRCUIT BREAKER BUS BAR FUSE PROTECTIVE RELAY

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1. RELIABILITY 2.SENSTIVITY 3.SELECTIVITY 4.DISCRIMINATION 5.SPEED 6.SIMPLICITY 7.ECONOMY

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DESIRED CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTECTION SYSTEM

FUNCTION OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS

The function of protective relaying is to cause the prompt removal from service of any element of a power system when it suffers a short circuit, or when it starts to operate in any abnormal manner that might cause damage or otherwise interfere with the effective operation of the rest
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REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS

1.SENSITIVITY : The relay shall be sensitive to operate for minimum quantity of operating parameter. 2.SELECTIVITY: The relay/scheme should be able to select the faulty section and isolate.
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REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS

4.STABILITY : The Relay should be stable. 5.RELIABILITY: The relay/scheme should operate for all types of faults with repeatability and reliability.
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Basis of Classifications

Quantity of response: Voltage, current, frequency, power etc. Function: Detection, time-delay, tripping, alarm, signaling, flag, contact multiplication etc

Construction: Electromagnetic, 4/24/12 Static or Numerical

Basic Types Based on Operating Principle

Attracted Armature Moving Coil Induction Thermal Motor-Operated Mechanical Static 4/24/12 Numerical

OPERATING PRINCIPLES
1. Electromagnetic attraction: Electromagnetic attraction relays operate by virtue of a plunger being drawn into a solenoid, or an armature being attracted t o the poles of an electromagnet. Such relays may be actuated by dc or by ac quantities. 2. Electromagnetic induction: Electromagnetic-induction relays use the principle of the induction motor whereby 4/24/12 torque is developed by induction in a

IMPORTANT TERMS

Pick-up current - It is the minimum current in the relay coil at which the relay starts to operate. Current setting It is often desirable to adjust the pickup current to any value. This is know as current setting and is usually achieved by the use of tapping on the relay coil.

Pickup current = Rated secondary 4/24/12 current of CT x Current setting

IMPORTANT TERMS

Plug setting multiplier (P.S.M) It is the ratio of fault current in the relay coil to the pick up current. Time setting multiplier- This feature allows the adjustment of relay operation time.

Actual time of operation = time setting multiplier X time in seconds.

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CIRCUIT BREAKER

Circuit Breaker is a device which can make or break circuit under normal conditions either manually or through remote control. Break circuit automatically under faulty conditions. Make or break circuit under faulty conditions either manually or through remote control.
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Fuses are used for low and high voltage circuits of moderate to high capacity where frequent operations are not expected .Circuit breakers are used where slight overload occurs or where heavy currents are to be broken. Moreover a circuit breaker "trips" to break the circuit and may be reset, while a fuse melts and 4/24/12 must be replaced.

CIRCUIT BREAKER VERSUS FUSE

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

A Circuit breaker consists of fixed and moving contacts touching each other under normal conditions .Whenever a fault occurs the trip coil get energized ,the moving contacts are pulled by some mechanism and therefore circuit breaker is opened and circuit is broken.
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ARC EXTINCTION
When a current is interrupted, an arc is generated. This arc must be contained, cooled, and extinguished in a controlled way, so that the gap between the contacts can again withstand the voltage in the circuit. Different circuit breakers use vacuum, air, insulating gas, or oil as the medium in which the arc forms. Different techniques are used to extinguish the arc including:

Lengthening of arc .
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Division into partial arcs .

FAULT CLEARING PROCESS

1- Fault Occurs. As the fault occurs, the fault impedance being low, the currents increase and the relay gets actuated. The moving part of the relay move because of the increase in the operating torque. The relay then closes its contacts. 2 - Relay contacts close the trip circuit of the Circuit breaker and trip coil is energized. 3 - The operating mechanism starts operating for the opening operation and contacts separate.
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4 - Arc is drawn between the breaker

TRIP CIRCUIT

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Low Voltage Circuit Breakers Oil Circuit Breakers Bulk Oil Circuit Breakers Minimum Oil Circuit Breakers Air Blast Circuit Breakers Vacuum Circuit Breakers Sulphur Hexa Fluoride Circuit Breakers

TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS

(i) (ii) () () ()

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Low Voltage Circuit Breakers

These breakers are made for direct current (DC) applications and low voltage A.C applications and are commonly used in domestic, commercial, and industrial fields. Miniature circuit breakers (MCB) and molded case circuit breakers (MCCB) are some common types of low voltage circuit breakers.
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MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER

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COMPONENTS OF MCB
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Lever Mechanism Contacts Terminals Bimetallic strip Calibration Screw Solenoid Arc Chute

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OIL CIRCUIT BREAKERS

Such circuit breakers utilize dielectric oil (transformer oil) for arc extinction. In bulk oil circuit breakers, the contacts are separated inside a steel filled with dielectric oil. In minimum oil circuit breakers, the contacts are separated in an insulation housing (interrupter)filled with dielectric oil.

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AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER

In air blast circuit breakers, the contacts are surrounded by compressed air. When the contacts are opened the compressed air is released in forced blast through the arc to the atmosphere extinguishing the arc in the process. A compressor plant is necessary to maintain high air pressure in the receiver.
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AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER

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VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKERS Vacuum circuit-breakers does not

require an interrupting or insulation medium. In fact, the interrupters do not contain ionizable material.

During the separation of currentcarrying contacts, contact pressure reduces, real contact surface reduces and the temperature of contacts increases to melting temperature. This produces metal vapors which initiates and supports the vacuum 4/24/12 arc, maintaining until the next

VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKERS

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SULPHUR HEXA FLUORIDE CIRCUIT BREAKERS

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Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is an alternative to air as an interrupting medium. SF6 is a colorless nontoxic gas, with good thermal conductivity and density approximately five times that of air. SF6 is chemically inert up to temperature of 150 C and will not react with metals, plastics, and other materials commonly used in the construction of high voltage circuit breakers.

ARC EXTINCTION PHENOMENON

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