Tank farm operations.

TOPICS :

TANK FARM OPERATION & GAUGING TANK /SAMPLES TYPES & SAMPLING DIPPING, DENSITY & TEMP. MEASUREMENT PREPARATION OF OUTTURNS OIL ACCOUNTING & LOSS CONTROL PIPELINE LOSS/GAIN RECONCILATION

STORAGE TANKS
TYPE OF TANKS: MAINLY OF TWO TYPES: FLOATING ROOF TANKS ( FOR LIQUIDS WITH HIGH VAPOUR PRESSURES SUCH AS CRUDE OIL, MS) - EITHER SINGLE DECK OR DOUBLE DECK FIXED ROOF TANKS ( FOR LIQUIDS SUCH AS HSD, SKO)

Floating Roof Tanks

When the Tank is in operation, the Roof should always be in floating condition In resting or semi-floating condition, the tank should not be operated The seal should be checked periodically The roof should also be checked periodically (especially during Monsoon) to ensure that there is no water accumulation at the deck.

TANK BOTTOM

LONG SEAMS

SHORT SEAMS

ANNULAR PLATES

SKETCH PLATES

TANK SHELL
SHELL PLATE IS OF VARYING THICKNESS THICKEST PLATE FOR THE LOWEST COURSE AND DECREASING THICKNESS FOR UPPER COURSES. THE PLATES ARE ARRANGED SO THAT THERE IS AN OFFSET BETWEEN TWO VERTICALS PLATES ARE FLUSH FROM TANK INSIDE SO THAT I.D. OF THE TANK DOES NOT CHANGE. THIS ARRANGEMENT IS ALSO A MUST FOR THE FLOATING ROOF TANKS.

SHELL NOZZLES
INLET NOZZLE OUTLET NOZZLE WATER DRAW OFF PRODUCT DRAW OFF CLEAN OUT DOOR ROOF DRAIN TANK STIRRER NOZZLES/ JET MIXER NOZZLES

INLET AND OUTLET NOZZLES

TANK INSIDE
R/F PAD

TANK INSIDE

BOTTOM REINFORCEMENT PLATE

BOTTOM PLATE

TANK INLET NOZZLE

TANK OUTLET NOZZLE

TANK BOTTOM
BOTTOM PLATES USUALLY 0F 8 MM THICKNESS INCLUSIVE OF CORROSION ALLOWANCE LAYING SHOULD BE SUCH THAT IT FACILITATES FLOW OF MUCK TOWARDS THE SLOPE (EITHER INWARDS OR OUTWARDS). MINIMUM WIDTH IS RECOMMENDED TO BE 72 INCH JOINED BY FULL FILLET WELDING REINFORCEMENT PLATE IS RECOMMENDED TO BE WELDED WHERE INLET JET IMPINGES ON THE TANK BOTTOM

TANK ROOF
DOUBLE DECK FLOATING ROOF ROOF IS CONSTRUCTED ON TEMPORARY SUPPORTS ERECTED ON THE TANK BOTTOM BOTTOM DECK IS KEPT AS FLAT AS POSSIBLE THE TOP DECK PLATE, USUALLY OF 5 MM HAS SLOPE TOWARDS THE ROOF DRAINS THE SPACE BETWEEN THE TOP DECK AND BOTTOM DECK IS DIVIDED INTO A No. OF BOXES CALLED PONTOONS. EACH PONTOON IS A LEAK TIGHT COMPARTMENT MADE FROM CIRCUMFERENTIAL AND RADIAL BULKHEADS. THE TOP DECK IS SUPPORTED ON RAFTERS AND TRUSSES. EACH COMPARTMENT HAS A MANWAY FOR INSPECTION

TANK ROOF
ROOF DESIGN AND INSPECTION THE DECK IS SO DESIGNED THAT WITH ALL THE DRAINS INOPERATIVE, IT SHOULD WITHSTAND 10 RAINFALL IN 24 HOURS. THE DECK SHOULD HAVE SUFFICIENT BUOYANCY WITH TWO ADJACENT PONTOONS PUNCTURED. DURING INITIAL FLOATING OF THE ROOF, ALL THE PONTOONS ARE VISUALLY INSPECTED FOR ANY LEAKS OR SWEATING.

TANK ROOF
ROOF APPURTENANCES AND FEATURES

ROOF MANWAYS INSPECTION HATCH RIM VENT WITH RELIEF VALVE AUTO BLEEDER VENT EMERGENCY DRAIN GAUGE WELL PIPE AND ANTI ROTATION DEVICE ROOF DRAIN FOAM DAM ROLLING LADDER

TANK ROOF
FLOATING ROOF - EITHER SINGLE DECK OR DOUBLE DECK
TOP DECK SUPPORTING LEGS SEAL AREA ROOF DRAIN

BOTTOM DECK

TANK BOTTOM
FLOATING ROOF - EITHER SINGLE DECK OR DOUBLE DECK
TOP DECK SUPPORTING LEGS SEAL AREA ROOF DRAIN

BOTTOM DECK

Sampling
Important aid to Quality control For ascertaining the stock conformity to the relevant specifications Sampling aids like sample grabber, sample thief, water finding paste, sample containers Sealing of the sample container with proper seal. Sealing Wax not permitted.

Type of the Samples

Top sample Upper Sample Middle Sample Lower Sample Bottom Sample All Level Sample Composite Sample Water Draw off Line Sample

Bhakti

Samples
Sample: A portion extracted from a total volume that may or may not contain the constituents in the same proportion that are present in the total volume. SPOT SAMPLE: A sample taken at a specific location or at specific time from a flowing stream TOP SAMPLE: A sample obtained 15 cm below the top surface of the liquid UPPER SAMPLE: A sample drawn from the middle of the upper one third of the tank contents (or one sixth of the total tank contents)

Samples
MIDDLE SAMPLE BOTTOM SAMPLE LOWER SAMPLE: A sample drawn from the middle of the lower one third of the tank contents (or five sixth of the total depth of the liquid. COMPOSITE SAMPLE: A blend of U M and L Samples ALL LEVEL SAMPLES: A sample obtained by submerging a stoppered beaker or bottle to a point as near as possible to the draw off point and raising it at a rate such that it is 75 % - 80 % full as it emerges out of the liquid.

Samples
COMPOSITE SAMPLE: The composite sample shall be a mixture of an equal quantity of : U, M and L samples for product depth above 4 Meters U and L samples for product depth between 2M to 4 M Middle sample for product depth below 2 meters.

Sampling Procedure (p- )

The sampling bottle and sample containers shall always be kept clean. Before use, they shall be rinsed with the product under sampling. Only the type of sample required for the relevant specification to be tested, shall be taken. The sample quantity collected shall be sufficient for carrying out the relevant tests.

Sampling Procedure- (p 2/2)

Sample shall be taken preferably during the cooler part of the day and under shade. The sample container shall be properly closed and it shall be ensured that there are no leaks. Sample details shall be entered in the form (as per Appendix-11/Appendix 11A) as applicable and fixed to the container. Sampling and filling of the sample container shall be personally supervised by an officer well conversant with the procedures.

Weathering of Volatile Samples

Density
RVP, RON Distillation
IBP Recovery % Vol at 70, 100, 180 deg C

Sampling
Avoid vapor loss of samples due to evaporation, particularly the retention samples
Direct exposure to sun-light/heat Air Current

Gauging Procedures- (p 1/3)

The Gauging operations include: Measuring volumetric quantity of the tank by dipping or ullaging Recording the temperature of the product Measuring the density of the product

Gauging Procedures- (p 2/3)

Method for recording gross and water dips: Apply water finding paste to the bob, 2 cms above the previous water dips. Apply oil finding paste around the range of estimated Gross Dip. Lower the bob through the Gauge Hatch, till the reading is 30 cms short of the reference height. Weight for the ripples to subside and then slowly lower the bob until it just touches the datum plate. Raise the Tape and note the Gross Dip and the water dip.

Gauging Procedures- (p 3/3)

In tanks, where water dip is maintained, it should be at least 2 cm above the Datum Plate. In case of tanks where water level is below the Datum Plate, the same shall be checked through the Centre Hatch. For tanks which are to be kept bone dry, the same shall be assured by draining product through water draw off lines.

Layering in storage Tanks

Heavier product in lighter product
Interface Heavier at the bottom Circulation of product Jet Mixtures

Master Instruments
Master instruments : Hydrometers, Thermometers Validity : 5 Years In-use instruments : Yearly comparison and records.

Calibration
Calibration of Hydrometers and Thermometers: Calibration to carried out at 3 4 points in the instruments range If the error is within +/- 0.0005 at 15 deg C If the error is within +/- 0.5 deg C

PRODUCT LOSS CONTROL

Petroleum Products being volatile, product loss is unavoidable under certain circumstances. But these losses can be minimised. The losses erode profit. They cause safety hazards and pollute the environment.

PRODUCT LOSS CONTROL

Identify the cause and initiate steps to eliminate it. Regular Inspections and Preventive Maintenance Awareness of employees.

Factors contributing to Pipeline Losses

Defective Gauging Equipment/ Gauging errors/ Accounting errors Sludge/ Water in the tanks Gauging Errors Migration of Product Pilferage/ Leakage in the Pipeline

Control on Pipeline Losses

At the Pumping end: The tanks should be free from water/ sludge Proper settling time (Minimum 24 Hrs) to be given to the tank Positive segregation from other tanks Pumping of hot product to be avoided Use of standard Gauging Equipment. The same equipment to be used for Opening and closing operations.

Control on Pipeline Losses

At the Receiving end: The tanks should be free from water/ sludge Water dips to be noted before and after the receipts (Care to be taken for rain water) Positive segregation from other tanks Use of standard Gauging Equipment. The same equipment to be used for Opening and closing operations.

OIL ACCOUNTING
CALCULATIONS ACCORDING TO ASTM, ARE BASED ON THE PROCEDURE WHERE A VOLUME MEASURED AT A GIVEN TEMPERATURE IS RECALCULATED TO A VOLUME AT THE STANDARD TEMPERATURE USING VOLUMETRIC CORRECTION. THIS CORRECTED VALUE IS CALLED STANDARD VOLUME. THE MASS OF THE PRODUCT IS OBTAINED BY MULTIPLYING THE STANDARD VOLUME BY THE PRODUCTS DENSITY AT STANDARD TEMPERATURE.

ASTM TABLES
THE CORRECTION FACTORS ARE AVAILABLE IN THE FOLLOWING ASTM TABLES: TABLE 53 A : CORRECTION OF OBSERVED DENSITIES TO DENSITY AT 15 DEG c OF CRUDE OILS TABLE 53 B : CORRECTION OF OBSERVED DENSITIES TO DENSITY AT 15 DEG c OF PRODUCTS TABLE 54 A : CORRECTION OF VOLUMES TO 15 DEG C AGAINST DENSITY AT 15 DEG c FOR CRUDES TABLE 54 B : CORRECTION OF VOLUMES TO 15 DEG C AGAINST DENSITY AT 15 DEG c FOR PRODUCTS

ASTM TABLES
TABLE 53 B: GIVES THE VALUE OF DENSITY IN KG/CU.M AT 15 DEG C CORRESPONDING TO A HYDROMETER READING AT OBSERVED TEMPERATURES OTHER THAN 15 DEG C. TWO CORRECTIONS ARE NECESSARY AND HAVE BEEN APPLIED: THE CHANGE IN VOLUME OF GLASSS HYDROMETER WITH TEMPERATURE (STEM CORRECTION) CHANGE IN THE VOLUME OF PRODUCTS WITH TEMPERATURE

ASTM TABLES
TABLE 54 B: GIVES THE VOLUME CORRECTION FACTORS FOR CONVERTING PRODUCT VOLUMES OBSERVED AT TEMPERATURES OTHER THAN 15 DEG C TO CORRESPONDING VOLUMES AT 15 DEG C.

ASTM TABLES
If the Hydrometer Reading for a Gasoline at 22 deg C is 733 kg/m. cu, what is the density of gasoline corrected to 15 deg C.

738.7 KG/ M CU

ASTM TABLES
If the Hydrometer Reading for An HSD at 30 deg C is 836 kg/m. cu, what is the density of HSD corrected to 15 deg C.

846.0 KG/ M CU

ASTM TABLES
What is the volume at 15 deg C of 55000 cu M at 30 deg C of heating oil the density of which at 15 deg c is 845.7 kg/m cu.

54336.7 m cu.

Out turns
FOR CONE ROOF TANKS: 1. From the Dip Memo, calculate the Gross Dip Quantity and water Dip quantity 2. Compute Net Oil at Observed Temperature 3. Compute 15 deg C Density from the observed sample Temperature and the hydrometer Reading 4. Compute VRF against Observed Tank Temperature 5. Compute WRF (subtract 0.0011 from Density at 15 deg C) 6. Calculate volume at 15 deg C by: V (obs temp)xVRF 7. Calculate MT by : V at 15 deg C x WRF

Out turns
FOR FLOATING ROOF TANKS: 1. All the steps as in cone roof are involved with one extra step i.e. Roof correction. 2. Volume displaced by the Roof = Weight of roof / Density of the product 3. The displaced volume is subtracted from Gross oil to get the Net oil at Observed temperature.

Out turns
Prepare an OTR for the following data: Tank No. 3 Type : Cone Roof Product : HSD Parameters Opening Closing Gross Dip 61.1 cm 415.7 cm Water Dip (c) 0.0 cm 0.0 cm Tank Temp. 18.0 deg C 21.5 deg C Sample Temp. 18.0 deg C 21.0 deg C Observed density 0.829 0.831

Out turns
Prepare an OTR for the following data: Tank No. 11 Type : Floating Roof Product : MS Parameters Opening Closing Gross Dip 295.5 cm 1396.5cm Water Dip (c) NIL Nil Tank Temp. 17.0 deg C 16.5 deg C Sample Temp. 16.0 deg C 15.0 deg C Observed density 0.745 0.740

OIL RECONCILIATION
A COMPARISON OF OPENING AND CLOSING BALANCES OPENING BALANCE CONSISTS OF QUANTITY PUMPED QUANTITY UNDER PUMPING OPENING LINEFILL CLOSING BALANCE CONSISTS OF QUANTITY DELIVERED QUANTITY UNDER DELIVERY CLOSING LINEFILL ALL QUANTITIES ARE VOLUMES AT 15 DEG C

Form No. OP 28 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LTD. (MARKETING DIV.) TANK NO. IOC 3 OUT TERN FOR RECEIPT OT NO. 3133 LOCATION : DELHI DATE : 21.01.2004 PRODUCT : HSD AFTER RECEIPT 17.01.2004 10.00 HRS. 21.5 21.0 0.831 0.8350 415.7 cm. / 3483008 Ltrs. 0.0 cm. / 0.0 Ltrs. 0.9946 3483008 3464200 2888.796

BONDED BEFORE RECEIPT

DATE TIME TANK TEMP. IN DEG.C SAMPLE TEMP. IN DEG. C SAMPLE DENSITY DENSITY AT 15 DEG.C OIL & WATER HEIGHT/LTS WATER HEIGHT/LTS. VOLUME REDUCTION NET OIL LTRS. AT (N) NET OIL LTRS. AT 15 DEG.C NET OIL QTY. IN MT

14.01.2004 14.15 HRS. 18.0 18.0 0.829 0.8310 61.1 cm. / 628723 Ltrs. 0.0 cm. / 0.0 Ltrs. 0.9975 628723 627150 520.470

NET QTY. RECEIVED

AT NATURAL

AT 15 DEG. C

MTS.

2854.285 KLS

2837.05 KLS

2368.326 MTS

BATCH NO = HSD HSD-309UL

SUMMARY BONDED RECEIPT FROM PIPELINE EX-MATHURA FOR INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LTD.

PIPELINE CENTRAL EXCISE

MARKETING

DETAILS OF CALCULATIONS VOL. IN KLS AT VOL CORR. UPTO DATUM GROSS QTY. IN LTRS. ROOF CORR. IN LTRS. WATER QTY. IN LTRS. : : : 61.1 cms = 628723 8 = 0 628723 0 0 415.7 cms = 34830086 = 0 3483008 0 0

CERTIFIED THAT THE PARTICULARS GIVEN ARE CORRECT PLACE ______NEW DELHI _______DATE __________PLANT TERMINAL MANAGER REGD. OFFICE : G-9 ALI YAWAR JUNG MARG, BANDRA(EAST) BOMBAY 400 051(INDIA)

Form No. OP 28 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LTD. (MARKETING DIV.) OUT TERN FOR RECEIPT OT NO. 4547 LOCATION : DELHI DATE : 23.01.2004

TANK NO.

IOC 11

BONDED BEFORE RECEIPT

PRODUCT : MS AFTER RECEIPT 21.01.20042 07.30 HRS.

DATE TIME

17.01.2004 10.15 HRS.

TANK TEMP. IN DEG.C

SAMPLE TEMP. IN DEG. C SAMPLE DENSITY DENSITY AT 15 DEG.C OIL & WATER HEIGHT/LTS WATER HEIGHT/LTS. VOLUME REDUCTION NET OIL LTRS. AT (N) NET OIL LTRS. AT 15 DEG.C NET OIL QTY. IN MT

17.0
16.0 0.745 0.7458 295.5 cm. / 1407233 Ltrs. 0.0 cm. / 0.0 Ltrs. 0.9978 1352250 1349275 1004.805

16.5
15.0 0.740 0.7400 1396.5 cm. / 6378777 Ltrs. 0.0 cm. / 0.0 Ltrs. 0.9983 6323423 6312673 4664.434

NET QTY. RECEIVED

AT NATURAL

AT 15 DEG. C

MTS.

4971.173 KLS
BATCH NO = MS MS-311PG

4963398 KLS

3659.629 MTS

SUMMARY BONDED RECEIPT FROM PIPELINE EX-MATHURA FOR INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LTD.

CENTRAL EXCISE

PIPELINE

MARKETING

DETAILS OF CALCULATIONS VOL. IN KLS AT VOL CORR. UPTO DATUM GROSS QTY. IN LTRS. ROOF CORR. IN LTRS. WATER QTY. IN LTRS. : : : 295.0 cms =1404974 0.5 cms = 2259 = 0 1407232 54982 0 1395 cms = 6372021 1.5 cms = 6756 = 0 6378777 55354 0

CERTIFIED THAT THE PARTICULARS GIVEN ARE CORRECT PLACE ______NEW DELHI _______DATE __________PLANT TERMINAL MANAGER REGD. OFFICE : G-9 ALI YAWAR JUNG MARG, BANDRA(EAST) BOMBAY 400 051(INDIA)

THANK YOU