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Sections: 1. Fundamentals of NC Technology 2. Computer Numerical Control 3. Distributed Numerical Control 4. Applications of NC 5. NC Part Programming
NC Coordinate Systems
For flat and prismatic (block-like) parts: Milling and drilling operations Conventional Cartesian coordinate system Rotational axes about each linear axis
For rotational parts: Turning operations Only x- and z-axes
Interpolation Methods
1. Linear interpolation Straight line between two points in space Circular interpolation Circular arc defined by starting point, end point, center or radius, and direction Helical interpolation Circular plus linear motion Parabolic and cubic interpolation Free form curves using higher order equations
2.
3. 4.
DNC
Direct numerical control (DNC) control of multiple machine tools by a single (mainframe) computer through direct connection and in real time 1960s technology Two way communication Distributed numerical control (DNC) network consisting of central computer connected to machine tool MCUs, which are CNC Present technology Two way communication
Central Computer
NC Pgms
Computer Network
BTR BTR BTR
Transformation Process
Applications of NC
Cost-Benefits of NC
Costs High investment cost High maintenance effort Need for skilled programmers High utilization required Benefits Cycle time reduction Nonproductive time reduction Greater accuracy and repeatability Lower scrap rates Reduced parts inventory and floor space Operator skill-level reduced
Precision
NC Part Programming
1. 2. 3. 4. Manual part programming Manual data input Computer-assisted part programming Part programming using CAD/CAM
Block Format
Organization of words within a block in NC part program Also known as tape format because the original formats were designed for punched tape Word address format - used on all modern CNC controllers Uses a letter prefix to identify each type of word Spaces to separate words within the block Allows any order of words in a block Words can be omitted if their values do not change from the previous block
Types of Words
N - sequence number prefix G - preparatory words Example: G00 = PTP rapid traverse move X, Y, Z - prefixes for x, y, and z-axes F - feed rate prefix S - spindle speed T - tool selection M - miscellaneous command Example: M07 = turn cutting fluid on
Cutter Offset
Cutter path must be offset from actual part outline by a distance equal to the cutter radius
Example
NC part program code N001 G21 G90 G92 X-050.0 Y-050.0 Z010.0; N002 G00 Z-020.0 S1989 M03; N003 G01 G94 G42 Y0 D05 F398; N004 G01 X075.0; N005 G01 X150.0 Y043.02; N006 G01 Y070.0; N007 G01 X080.0; N008 G17 G02 X050.0 Y100.0 R030.0; N009 G01 Y125.0; N010 G01 X0; N011 G01 Y0 N012 G40 G00 X-050.0 Y-050.0 Z010.0 M05; N013 M30; Comments
Define origin of axes. Rapid to cutter depth, turn spindle on. Bring tool to starting y-value, start cutter offset. Mill lower horizontal edge of part. Mill angled edge at 35 degrees. Mill vertical edge at right of part. Mill horizontal edge leading to arc. Circular interpolation around arc. Mill vertical step above arc. Mill top part edge. Mill vertical edge at left of part. Rapid move to target point, cancel offset, spindle stop. End of program, stop machine.
Sample Statements
Part is composed of basic geometric elements and mathematically defined surfaces Examples of statements: P4 = POINT/35,90,0 L1 = LINE/P1,P2 C1 = CIRCLE/CENTER,P8,RADIUS,30 Tool path is sequence of points or connected line and arc segments Point-to-Point command: GOTO/P4 Continuous path command: GOLFT/L1,TANTO,C1
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CNC Milling CNC Punching CNC Adhesive Bonding CNC Drug Insertion CNC Bioprocessing CAD/CAM Etc.