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By :
Rahul Kumar B.Tech Mechanical Final Year IIT Roorkee
TRANSMISSION
Each character (letter or numeral) is represented by a unique sequence of dots and dashes. The duration of a dash is three times the duration of a dot. Each dot or dash is followed by a short silence, equal to the dot duration. The dot duration is the basic unit of time measurement in code transmission.
Radio telegraphy using Morse code was vital during World War II, especially in carrying messages between the warships and the naval bases.
HISTORY
In his earliest code, Morse had planned to only transmit numerals, and use a dictionary to look up each word according to the number which had been sent.
The code was soon expanded by Alfred Vail to include letters and special characters, so it could be used more generally. Vail determined the frequency of use of letters in the English language by counting the movable type he found in the type-cases of a local newspaper in Morristown . The shorter marks were called "dots", and the longer ones "dashes", and the letters most commonly used were assigned the shorter sequences of dots and dashes. To reflect the sounds of Morse code receivers, the operators began to vocalize a dot as "dit", and a dash as "dah".
CODING EFFICIENCY
The length of each character in Morse is approximately inversely proportional to its frequency of occurrence in English.
Length
(1 / Frequency)
Thus, the most common letter in English, the letter "E," has the shortest code, a single dot.
Eg : E - . I, T-
..
._ H : .
A:
STEPS
1. Place your pencil where it says START and listen to morse code 2. Move down and to the right every time you hear a DIT (a dot) 3. Move down and to the left every time you hear a DAH (a dash). Example: You hear DAH DIT DIT which is a dash then dot then dot. You start at START and hear a DAH then move down and left to the T and then you hear a DIT so you move down and RIGHT to the N and then you hear another DIT so you move DOWN and RIGHT again and land on the D 4. You then write down the letter D on your code copy paper and jump back to
An audio tone
A radio signal with short and long tones A mechanical or visual signal (e.g. a flashing light) using devices alike an aldis lamp or a heliograph.
Applications
Morse code has been in use for more than 160 years longer than any other electrical coding system.
Aviation
Instrument pilots use radio navigation aids to ensure that the stations they are using are serviceable. They all emit a short set of identification letters (usually a two-to-five-letter version of the station name) in Morse code. Station identification letters are shown on air navigation charts. For example, the VOR based at Manchester Airport in England is abbreviated as "MCT", and MCT in Morse code is transmitted on its radio frequency. In some countries, if a VOR station begins malfunctioning it broadcasts "TST" (for "TEST"), which tells pilots and navigators that the station is unreliable.
Amateur radio
International Morse code today is most popular among amateur radio operators, where it is used as the pattern to key a transmitter on and off in the radio communications mode commonly referred to as "continuous wave" or "CW". Other keying methods are available in radio telegraphy, such as frequency shift keying.
Thank you
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