Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 39. Quantization

(Part II)
The image shows the electron
density in the vicinity of a
circle of 60 iron atoms. The
circular ripple-like rings in
the center of the corral are
part of an electron standing
wave, rather like the standing
wave on the head of a
vibrating drum.
Chapter Goal: To
understand the quantization
of energy for light and matter.
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Topics:
Bohrs Model of Atomic Quantization
The Bohr Hydrogen Atom
The Hydrogen Spectrum
Chapter 39. Quantization
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Bohrs Model of Atomic Quantization
The Rutherford model (positively charged nucleus
surrounded by electron cloud) could not explain:
1) The stability of the atom: The electrons on orbits
should radiate and lose energy in






2) The observed atomic emission spectra
s
10
10

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The Bohr postulates
1. An atom consists of negative electrons orbiting a very
small positive nucleus.
2. Atoms can exist only in certain stationary states. These
states can be numbered n=1, 2, 3, 4, . . . , where n is the
quantum number.
3. Each stationary state has an energy E
n
. The stationary
states of an atom are numbered in order of increasing
energy: E
1
< E
2
< E
3
<
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
The Bohr postulates
4. The lowest energy state of the atom E
1
is stable and can
persist indefinitely. It is called the ground state of the
atom. Other stationary states with energies E
2
, E
3
, E
4
,. . .
are called excited states of the atom.

5. An atom can jump from one stationary state to another
by emitting or absorbing a photon of frequency
where h is Plancks constant and and E
atom
= |E
f
E
i
|.
E
f
and E
i
are the energies of the initial and final states. Such
a jump is called a transition or, sometimes, a quantum
jump.
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
6. An atom can move from a lower energy state to a higher
energy state by absorbing energy E
atom
= E
f
E
i
in an
inelastic collision with an electron or another atom.

The Bohr postulates
This process, called collisional excitation, is shown.
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
EXAMPLE 39.10 Emission and absorption
eVs h
15
10 136 . 4

=
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
EXAMPLE 39.10 Emission and absorption
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
EXAMPLE 39.10 Emission and absorption
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
EXAMPLE 39.10 Emission and absorption
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
The Stationary States of the Hydrogen Atom
Assume a single electron orbiting (with radius
r and speed v) a proton (proton remains
stationary).
Circular orbit- centripetal force is Coulomb
force:
charge electron - e electron, an of mass - m
4
4
0
2
2
2
2
0
2
mr
e
v
r
v
a
mr
e
m
F
a
cent
elec
elec
tc
tc
=
= = = =
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The Stationary States of the Hydrogen Atom
Bohr quantization - a de Broglie wave for
the electron set up a standing wave around
the circumference (just like the particle in the
box).
An integer number of wavelength to fit around
circumference of the electrons orbit
The mathematical condition is found by
replacing the round-trip distance 2L in a box
with the round-trip distance on a circle.

r t 2
1,2,3... n 2 = = t n r
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
The Stationary States of the Hydrogen Atom

De Broglie wavelength


1,2,3... n 2 = = t n r
mv
h
p
h
= =
eVs Js
mr
n
mr
h
n v
mv
h
n r
n
16 34
10 58 . 6 10 05 . 1
2
h
1,2.. n
2
2

= = =
= = =
=
t
t
t

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The Stationary States of the Hydrogen Atom
1,2.. n
4
4
2
2
0
2
2 2
2 2
0
2
2
= =
= =
me
n r
r m
n
mr
e
v
n

tc
tc
m a
B
11
10 29 . 5 radius Bohr

= =
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The Stationary States of the Hydrogen Atom




... 2 , 1
1
1
= = = = n
n
v
ma n mr
n
v
B n
n

s m ma v
B
/ 10 19 . 2 /
6
1
= =
)
2 4
1
(
1
r and for v formula using
4 2
1
U T E : Since
2
0
2
n n
0
2
2
B
n
n
n
a
e
n
E
r
e
mv
tc
tc
=
= + =
... 3 , 2 , 1
6 . 13
2 2
1
= = = n
n
eV
n
E
E
n
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
The Stationary States of the Hydrogen Atom
Summary
The radius of the electrons orbit in Bohrs hydrogen atom
is
where a
B
is the Bohr radius, defined as
The possible electron speeds and energies are
s m ma v
B
/ 10 19 . 2 /
6
1
= =
eV
a
e
E
B
6 . 13
2 4
1
2
0
1
= =
tc
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
The Stationary States of the Hydrogen Atom
The first four
stationary states,
or allowed orbits,
of the Bohr
hydrogen atom
drawn to scale.
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Binding Energy and Ionization Energy
Why the energies of the stationary states are
negative?
Because the potential energy between two
charged particles is zero when they are
infinitely far apart. We have to add energy into
electron-proton bounded system in order to
pull them apart.
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Binding Energy and Ionization Energy
n
E
- the binding energy of the electron in
stationary state n.
It is an energy that we should add to the electron
to free it from the proton and reach the zero
energy of two particles infinitely apart.

The binding energy of the ground state is
called ionization energy of an atom.
1
E
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Quantization of Angular Momentum
Angular momentum L=mvr -is conserved in
orbital motion.
The condition that a de Broglie wave for the
electron set up a standing wave around the
circumference:
n
h
n mvr
mv
h
n n r
= =
= =
t
t
2
2
... 3 , 2 , 1 = = n n L
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
The Hydrogen Spectrum
According to the fifth assumption of Bohrs model of
atomic quantization, the frequency of the photon emitted in
an n m transition is
The corresponding wavelengths in the hydrogen spectrum
are then
BALMER
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Hydrogen-Like ions
91
...., ,......... ,
+ + + +
U Li He All have 1 electron orbiting a Z
nucleus
r Ze r
0
2
0
2
4 / 4 / e -
Energy potential Coulomb
tc tc
eV
n
Z
E
n
v
Z v
Z
a n
r
n
n
B
n
2
2
1
2
6 . 13
=
=
=
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Success and Failure
Predict the Balmer formula
Bohr Hydrogen atom, unlike Rutherfords, was
stable.
Completely unsuccessful at explaining the
spectra of any other neutral atom. Here, Bohrs
model of the atomic quantization remains valid
but the procedure of fitting standing waves to a
circle is just too simple to find the stationary
states of complex atoms.
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Example-1 electron atom
Which is the ground state?
Which are excited states?
What is the ionization
energy of this atom?
Can an atom in state n = 1
emit a photon? If so, what is
the wavelength? If not, why
not?
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Example
What wavelengths are
seen in the emission
spectrum of this atom?
What wavelengths are
seen in the absorption
spectrum of this atom?


J E
Js s m
eV E
ch
f
c
atom atom
19
34 8
10 6 . 1
10 6 . 6 / 10 3
) (

A

=
A
= =
nm
E
atom
A
=
1240

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Chapter 39. Summary Slides
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General Principles
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Important Concepts
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Applications
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Important Concepts
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Applications
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Chapter 39. Part 2
Reading Quizzes
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A photon with a wavelength of 414 nm has energy
E
photon
= 3.0 eV. Do you expect to see a spectral line with
= 414 nm in the emission spectrum of the atom
represented by this energy-level diagram? If so, what
transition or transitions will emit it?
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
A photon with a wavelength of 414 nm has energy
E
photon
= 3.0 eV. Do you expect to see a spectral line with
= 414 nm in the emission spectrum of the atom
represented by this energy-level diagram? If so, what
transition or transitions will emit it?
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
What is the quantum number of this
hydrogen atom?
A. n = 5
B. n = 4
C. n = 3
D. n = 2
E. n = 1
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
A. n = 5
B. n = 4
C. n = 3
D. n = 2
E. n = 1
What is the quantum number of this
hydrogen atom?
n
h
n mvr L
mv
h
n n r
n
= = =
= =
t
t
2
2