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Perspective
and
GIS Concepts
INTRODUCTION
MAP
A map represents geographic features or other spatial
phenomena by graphically conveying information about
locations and attributes
CARTOGRAPHY
-- art and science of map making
COMPUTERISED CARTOGRAPHY
-- performing cartographic functions by means computer
hardware and software
Computer Assisted Mapping
Automated systems for the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, and display
of spatial data.
- Clarke, 1990
A system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating,
analyzing and displaying data which are spatially referenced to the Earth.
- Chorley,
1987
Some Definitions
A system of hardware, software, and procedures designed to support the
capture, management, manipulation, analysis, modeling and display of
spatially-referenced data for solving complex planning and management
problems.
- NCGIA lecture by David Cowen, 1989
An integrated package for the input, storage, analysis, and output of spatial
information... analysis being the most significant.
- Gaile and Willmott, 1989
GIS are simultaneously the telescope, the microscope, the computer, and the
Xerox machine of regional analysis and synthesis of spatial data.
- Abler, 1988
Components of GIS
Hardware
Software
Data
People
Methods
BASIC FUNCTIONS OF GIS
WITHIN THE
WHERE IS IT ….?
(CONDITIONS) BangaloreBLOCK
(X,Y
)
HOW HAS IT IMPROVEMENT IN
CHANGED …? GROWTH
(TRENDS) IN FIVE YEARS
Node
Line (Arc)
Area(polygon)
Lamp post
Line Features
Spatially distributed entities,
activities or
events
Lines (Arcs) are a series of
geographic coordinates joined to
form a line such as:
Road
Stream
Railway
Area Features
Spatially distributed entities,
activities or
events
Areas (Polygons) are a series of
geographic coordinates joined
together to form a boundary such
as:
Lake
Soil types
SPATIAL Raster
DATA
Vector
Areas (Polygons)
GIS Data Storage
Non-Cartographic - descriptive
information in a database about
the cartographic features located
on a map.
Attributes
Attribute Values
Attributes
Description or characteristic of a
feature
Possible attributes for the feature
Tree
Height
Diameter
Species
Condition
Age
Attribute Values
The value given to an attribute
Possible values for the attributes of
a Tree feature
Height = 15m
Diameter = 0.75m
Species = Oak
Condition = Good
Age = 8 years
Types of Attribute Values
There are a number of different
types of
attribute values
Feature Attribute Attribute Values
Character Pole Pole ID ABC123
Numeric Pole Height 15m
Menu Pole Condition Good
Average
Poor
Date Pole Date User generated
Auto generated
Time Pole Time User generated
Auto generated
BASIC FUNCTIONS OF GIS
DIGITIZING EDITING
TOPOLOGY BUILDING
PROJECTION ATTRIBUTION
WHY GIS ?
To inventory and monitor resources
To test the sensitivity of our analysis
assumptions
To simulate potential impacts of
management alternatives
To make the map the 2nd time, the
50th time, the 100th time...
Uses of a GIS
Mapping geographical characteristics
for analysis
Modeling alternative processes
for management plans
Managing a utility’s assets
Monitoring changes in environmental
factors
ADVANTAGES OF GIS IN SIMPLE
TERMS
•The Harvard school for GIS (Center for Geographic analysis) was
reopened in 1960 and all the major GIS vendors today are from this
institute. (ESRI,Intergraph etc).
Advantages:
• Features were represented by a graphic symbol
• Features were stored in a single file format.
•Tracking of the data was much easier.
Disadvantages:
• Features were not so intelligent as today.
• The time taken to regenerate the drawing is very
high.
• Performance of the system is very poor due to
graphic size.
AM/FM a Semi GIS
After 1970’s CAD have been implemented in many sectors and was
very successful.
The Concept of facility Mapping has been into the lime lite around
mid 70’s.
1996
-ESRI India is formed.
1999
CAD\CAM
AMFM\GIS
Utilities
Transport & logistics
Communication
Urban planning
Military
Forestry
Environment
Agriculture
Thank You