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Basic Spatial

Perspective
and
GIS Concepts
INTRODUCTION
MAP
A map represents geographic features or other spatial
phenomena by graphically conveying information about
locations and attributes
CARTOGRAPHY
-- art and science of map making
COMPUTERISED CARTOGRAPHY
-- performing cartographic functions by means computer
hardware and software
Computer Assisted Mapping

•Map(graphic) information * only graphic data is available


and retrieval * networks are not defined.
•Map publication * spatial relationship not defined
Introduction
Why Use Graphics

Graphics are international :


Ausgang
Sortie =
Uscita
Salida...
Exit
Introduction
Why Use Graphics
Graphics are holistic:
“a picture says more than a thousand words...”
“First road left,
then cross the
railroad and
continue until you
cross the river, then
the first right and
right again on the
crossroads...”
What is a GIS?
A GIS is a database management
system for
spatially distributed features
and the
associated attributes.
 Spatial data capture
 Management
 Analysis
 Display
 Decision making
 Research
WHAT IS A GIS ?
GEOGRAPHIC implies that locations of the
data items are known, or can be
calculated, in terms of Geographic
coordinates (Latitude, Longitude)

INFORMATION implies that the data in a


GIS are organized to yield useful
knowledge, often as coloured maps and
images, but also as statistical graphics,
tables, and various on-screen responses
to interactive queries.
SYSTEM implies that a GIS is made up from
several inter-related and linked
components with different functions.
Thus, GIS have functional capabilities for
Some Definitions
 An information system that is designed to work with data referenced by
spatial or geographic coordinates. In other words, a GIS is both a system
with specific capabilities for spatially-referenced data, as well as a set of
operations for working [analysis] with the data.
- Star and Estes, 1990
 A working GIS integrates five key components: hardware,software, data,
people, and methods.
- ESRI, 1997

 Automated systems for the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, and display
of spatial data.
- Clarke, 1990
 A system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating,
analyzing and displaying data which are spatially referenced to the Earth.
- Chorley,
1987
Some Definitions
 A system of hardware, software, and procedures designed to support the
capture, management, manipulation, analysis, modeling and display of
spatially-referenced data for solving complex planning and management
problems.
- NCGIA lecture by David Cowen, 1989

 An integrated package for the input, storage, analysis, and output of spatial
information... analysis being the most significant.
- Gaile and Willmott, 1989

 GIS are simultaneously the telescope, the microscope, the computer, and the
Xerox machine of regional analysis and synthesis of spatial data.
- Abler, 1988
Components of GIS

A working GIS system


integrates these five key
components:

 Hardware
 Software
 Data
 People
 Methods
BASIC FUNCTIONS OF GIS

WHAT IS IT….? Koramangala AREA


(LOCATIONS)

WITHIN THE
WHERE IS IT ….?
(CONDITIONS) BangaloreBLOCK
(X,Y
)
HOW HAS IT IMPROVEMENT IN
CHANGED …? GROWTH
(TRENDS) IN FIVE YEARS

WHICH DATA ARE NEAREST


RELATED ….? Adogodi area
(PATTERNS)

WHAT IF….? FINDING SOLUTIONS TO


(MODELS) THE FORTH QUESTIONS
What Data is in Your
GIS?
 What features do you map?
 What attributes do you need to
collect data on?
 What attribute values can you give
the attribute?
TOPOLOGIC DATA ELEMENTS

Node

Line (Arc)

Area(polygon)

Nodes: defines beginning and end of the line


Line: defines roads,utilities,boundaries,etc.,
Areas: administrative boundaries, forest block,JFM areas,lakes
sis Su
a l y pp
a n ort
ia l sm
p a t ap
rt ss pu
bli
po Supports network analysis ca
u p tio
S n
Point Features

Spatially distributed entities, activities


or
events
 Points have a single geographic
coordinate such as:
 Tree
 Traffic accident

 Lamp post
Line Features
Spatially distributed entities,
activities or
events
 Lines (Arcs) are a series of
geographic coordinates joined to
form a line such as:
 Road
 Stream

 Railway
Area Features
Spatially distributed entities,
activities or
events
 Areas (Polygons) are a series of
geographic coordinates joined
together to form a boundary such
as:
 Lake
 Soil types
SPATIAL Raster
DATA
Vector

DATA MODEL AND STRUCTURE

RASTER MODEL VECTOR MODEL


Spatial data structures

Raster data files consists of


rows of uniform cells coded
according to data values- Land
cover classes is a fine example.
Spatial data structures

Vector data files has been


captures as points, lines and
polygons- Land cover classes is
a fine example.
ADVANTAGES OF VECTOR MODEL ADVANTAGES OF RASTER MODEL

• PRECISE EXPRESSION • SIMPLE DATA STRUCTURE


• LESS DATA VOLUME • EASY FOR OVERLAY AND
• FULL TOPOLOGY MODELLING
• FAST RETRIEVAL • SUITABLE FOR 3D DISPLAY
• FAST CONVERSION • INTEGRATION OF IMAGE DATA
• AUTOMATED DATA CAPTURE

DISADVANTAGES OF VECTOR MODEL DISADVANTAGES OF RASTER MODEL

• COMPLICATED STRUCTURE • LARGE DATA VOLUME


• DIFFICULTY IN OVERLAY • LOW PRECISION
• DIFFICULTY IN UPDATING • DIFFICULTY IN NETWORK
• EXPENSIVE DATA CAPTURE ANAYLYSIS
• SLOW CONVERSION
Attributes
Attributes can be numeric or alfa
numeric data that is assigned to
a point, line or area spatial
features
Example Attributes…
Stand ID, Compartment
no,Vegetation type, Name of the
Forest Block,Type of Road,VSS
code etc.,
Data Capture Sources
 Digitizing from paper maps
 Scanning
 Traditional surveying techniques
 Paper records & field notes
 Photogrammetry
 Remote sensing
 GPS
GIS Data Storage

There are two main types of data in a


GIS
database
 Cartographic - observations on
spatially distributed features,
activities, or events, which are
definable as:
 Points
 Lines (Arcs)

 Areas (Polygons)
GIS Data Storage

 Non-Cartographic - descriptive
information in a database about
the cartographic features located
on a map.
 Attributes
 Attribute Values
Attributes
Description or characteristic of a
feature
 Possible attributes for the feature
Tree
 Height
 Diameter

 Species

 Condition

 Age
Attribute Values
The value given to an attribute
 Possible values for the attributes of
a Tree feature
 Height = 15m
 Diameter = 0.75m

 Species = Oak
 Condition = Good

 Age = 8 years
Types of Attribute Values
There are a number of different
types of
attribute values
Feature Attribute Attribute Values
Character Pole Pole ID ABC123
Numeric Pole Height 15m
Menu Pole Condition Good
Average
Poor
Date Pole Date User generated
Auto generated
Time Pole Time User generated
Auto generated
BASIC FUNCTIONS OF GIS

• DATA AQUISITION AND


PREPROCESSING

DIGITIZING EDITING

TOPOLOGY BUILDING

PROJECTION ATTRIBUTION
WHY GIS ?
 To inventory and monitor resources
 To test the sensitivity of our analysis
assumptions
 To simulate potential impacts of
management alternatives
 To make the map the 2nd time, the
50th time, the 100th time...
Uses of a GIS
 Mapping geographical characteristics
for analysis
 Modeling alternative processes
for management plans
 Managing a utility’s assets
 Monitoring changes in environmental
factors
ADVANTAGES OF GIS IN SIMPLE
TERMS

 Though collection of data is difficult


once it is collected, it can be stored
safely in digital form (in computer)
forever without damage, which usually
happens to our maps.

 Once if a map is prepared accurately it


can be printed in any scale without any
redrawing.

 Large scale maps at smaller units


(Beats) level can be joined for creating
maps at divisions or district level, very
accurately within few minutes.
ADVANTAGES OF GIS IN SIMPLE
TERMS

 Changes can be incorporated very


easily in computer and it doesn’t require
any redrawing.

 Same map can be generated even after


100s of years later.

 New things can be known after overlay


of different themes and a new types of
maps can be generated.

 Work can be done faster than manually.

 The work of decision makers and end


Origin
The Cave Paintings
Cave Paintings are considered to be the first GIS Maps
as some unknown information (attributes) is linked to
it.

A. Cave Paintings have graphic


information regarding the animals and
their tracks of migration.
1351 B. These paintings used to get shared
The Medici sea atlas is published with in the tribe groups through
that contains a ‘world’ map.
generations.
1375
The Catalan atlas is prepared by
Catalan cartographers who made C. Most of the ancient civilizations are
great contribution in the found by its Cave Paintings.
completion of reformation of world
map. 1.Mesapotomia
1477
The first printed edition of the 2.Central Asia
‘Geography’, Bologna is published
on the basis of manuscript atlases,
produced by Dominus Nicholaus
Manual Mapping
Manual Mapping
Dr.John Snow in 1854 used London City Map to Depict
Cholera effected areas.

•Dr.John snow has used a manual Map to


track the cholera effected area of the central
London, which has been ultimately resulted in
finding a contaminated well. This is
considered as the first GIS analysis in the
world.
Manual Mapping is an art
of showing the real time •Europeans produced first Manual Maps to
objects on a piece of paper travel over seas.(Vascodigama,Columbus).
with a uniq concept
located in
it.(geography,History,socia • In American Rervolution Maps are used with
l changes) huge Overlays to track the Troop Movements.
Manual Mapping-Computerized
Mapping
• The Art of Manual mapping has been carried out till late 1950, where
the computer based Mapping or drafting was introduced.

•In 1960’s THE Canadian Geographic Information Systems was found


by Canada, which was leaded in providing the information on Natural
resources and habitat.

•SkyMap is the world’s first Drafting package.

•The Harvard school for GIS (Center for Geographic analysis) was
reopened in 1960 and all the major GIS vendors today are from this
institute. (ESRI,Intergraph etc).

• The legendry art of Manual mapping helped the mankind to produce


the modern world.
CAD (Computer Aided Drafting)
CAD is rooted in drafting—CAD has a great facility for creating and representing
geographic features as drawings in a computer

In early graphics systems, the data model was simple


and consisted almost entirely of symbolized graphic
features

Advantages:
• Features were represented by a graphic symbol
• Features were stored in a single file format.
•Tracking of the data was much easier.

In graphic system software, map files (i.e., layers)


can be edited, manipulated, displayed, & generally
managed..

Disadvantages:
• Features were not so intelligent as today.
• The time taken to regenerate the drawing is very
high.
• Performance of the system is very poor due to
graphic size.
AM/FM a Semi GIS

After 1970’s CAD have been implemented in many sectors and was
very successful.

However, Large Utility companies and other companies which


needed Facility Mapping suffered with the inabilities of CAD
systems.

The Concept of facility Mapping has been into the lime lite around
mid 70’s.

FM is nothing but CAD but it has its own defined features in it


(transformers, repeaters) along with the default text. Some
advanced FM systems even provided a data linking facility to the
features.

In one word an AM/FM systems is 90% Automated CAD systems


with its defined features.
Mile Stones in GIS
 1988 - Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) system is
commissioned with the launch of IRS-1A.

 1989 - The National Remote Sensing Agency prepares


the first Wasteland Atlas. 

 1989 - The National Remote Sensing Agency prepares


the first Wasteland Atlas.

 1996
-ESRI India is formed.

- Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), India established in 1968,


starts with the TCS GIS group to provide services in the
areas of GIS, Digital Image Processing, Automated Mapping
and Facility Management.

-The Mountain Natural Resource Information Systems


(MENRIS),Nepal is established to facilitate the application of
 1998 Mile Stones in GIS
- Tata Infotech is appointed as exclusive distributor of
MapInfo products in SAARC region.

- Bentley India is established.

- Kampsax India Ltd. a photogrammetry is formed.

- Tele Atlas starts its operation in India.

1999

-The first "GIS Forum South Asia’99" is organised at Nepal.

- Autodesk India Ltd. is formed.

- Landsat 7 carrying Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) is


launched.
- IKONOS is launched
Trends

Era of Manual Mapping

CAD\CAM

AMFM\GIS

Server Based GIS

Desktop Web GIS Mobile GIS


GIS Internet GIS Handheld GIS
Application GIS
ArcPAd
ArcIMS
MapInfo
MapObjects
MapXtreame SuperGIS
MapX
GeoPbjects WebMap
Implementing GIS in various
Domains
List Of some important Domains

 Utilities
 Transport & logistics
 Communication
 Urban planning
 Military
 Forestry
 Environment
 Agriculture
Thank You

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