Demand Supply Market Equlibrium

CHAPTER
3
Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium
Prepared by: Fernando Quijano and Yvonn Quijano
2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing
Principles of Economics, 7/e
Karl Case, Ray Fair
C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium
Firms and Households: The Basic Decision-Making Units

A firm is an organization that transforms resources (inputs) into products (outputs). Firms are the primary producing units in a market economy. An entrepreneur is a person who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a firm, taking a new idea or a new product and turning it into a successful business. Households are the consuming units in an economy.
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Input Markets and Output Markets: The Circular Flow
The circular flow of economic activity shows how firms and households interact in input and output markets.
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Product or output markets are the markets in which goods and services are exchanged.
Input markets are the markets in which resourceslabor, capital, and landused to produce products, are exchanged.
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Goods and services flow clockwise. Firms provide goods and services; households supply labor services.
Payments (usually money) flow in the opposite direction (counterclockwise) as the flow of labor services, goods, and services.
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Input or factor markets are the markets in which the resources used to produce products are exchanged. They include:
The labor market, in which
households supply work for wages to firms that demand labor.
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The capital market, in which
households supply their savings, for interest or for claims to future profits, to firms that demand funds to buy capital goods.

The land market, in which
households supply land or other real property in exchange for rent.
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Inputs into the production process are also called factors of production.
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Demand in Product/Output Markets

A households decision about the quantity of a particular output to demand depends on: The price of the product in question.
The income available to the household.
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A households decision about the quantity of a particular output to demand depends on: The households amount of accumulated wealth.
The prices of other products (substitutes and complements) available to the household.

A households decision about the quantity of a particular output to demand depends on: The households tastes and preferences.
The households expectations about future income, wealth, and prices.
Quantity demanded is the amount (number of units) of a product that a household would buy in a given time period if it could buy all it wanted at the current market price.
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Changes in Quantity Demanded Versus Changes in Demand

The most important relationship in individual markets is that between market price and quantity demanded.
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We use the ceteris paribus or all else equal device, to examine the relationship between the quantity demanded of a good per period of time and the price of that good, while holding income, wealth, other prices, tastes, and expectations constant.
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Changes in price affect the quantity demanded per period.
Changes in income, wealth, other prices, tastes, or expectations affect demand.
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Price and Quantity Demanded: The Law of Demand

ANNA'S DEMAND SCHEDULE FOR TELEPHONE CALLS
QUANTITY DEMANDED (CALLS PER MONTH) 30 25 7 3 1 0
PRICE (PER CALL) $ 0 0.50 3.50 7.00 10.00 15.00
A demand schedule is a table showing how much of a given product a household would be willing to buy at different prices.
Demand curves are usually derived from demand schedules.
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ANNA'S DEMAND SCHEDULE FOR TELEPHONE CALLS
PRICE (PER CALL) $ 0 0.50 3.50 7.00 10.00 15.00 QUANTITY DEMANDED (CALLS PER MONTH) 30 25 7 3 1 0
The demand curve is a graph illustrating how much of a given product a household would be willing to buy at different prices.
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The law of demand states that there is a negative, or inverse, relationship between price and the quantity of a good demanded and its price.
This means that demand curves slope downward.
Other Determinants of Household Demand

Income is the sum of all households wages, salaries, profits, interest payments, rents, and other forms of earnings in a given period of time. It is a flow measure. Wealth, or net worth, is the total value of what a household owns minus what it owes. It is a stock measure.

Normal Goods are goods for which demand goes up when income is higher and for which demand goes down when income is lower.
Inferior Goods are goods for which demand falls when income rises.
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Substitutes are goods that can serve as replacements for one another; when the price of one increases, demand for the other goes up. Perfect substitutes are identical products.
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Complements are goods that go together; a decrease in the price of one results in an increase in demand for the other, and vice versa.
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Shift of Demand Versus Movement Along a Demand Curve

A change in demand is not the same as a change in quantity demanded. A higher price causes lower quantity demanded and a move along the demand curve DA. Changes in determinants of demand, other than price, cause a change in demand, or a shift of the entire demand curve, from DA to DB.
A Change in Demand Versus a Change in Quantity Demanded

To summarize: Change in price of a good or service leads to Change in quantity demanded (Movement along the curve).
Change in income, preferences, or prices of other goods or services leads to Change in demand (Shift of curve).
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The Impact of a Change in Income

Higher income decreases the demand for an inferior good Higher income increases the demand for a normal good
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The Impact of a Change in the Price of Related Goods

Demand for complement good (ketchup) shifts left
Price of hamburger rises Quantity of hamburger demanded per month falls

Demand for substitute good (chicken) shifts right
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From Household Demand to Market Demand

Demand for a good or service can be defined for an individual household, or for a group of households that make up a market.
Market demand is the sum of all the quantities of a good or service demanded per period by all the households buying in the market for that good or service.
From Household Demand to Market Demand

Assuming there are only two households in the market, market demand is derived as follows:
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Supply in Product/Output Markets
Supply decisions depend on profit potential.

Profit is the difference between revenues and costs.
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Supply in Product/Output Markets

CLARENCE BROWN'S SUPPLY SCHEDULE FOR SOYBEANS
QUANTITY SUPPLIED (THOUSANDS OF BUSHELS PER YEAR) 0 10 20 30 45 45
PRICE (PER BUSHEL) $ 2 1.75 2.25 3.00 4.00 5.00
Quantity supplied represents the number of units of a product that a firm would be willing and able to offer for sale at a particular price during a given time period.
A supply schedule is a table showing how much of a product firms will supply at different prices.
Price and Quantity Supplied: The Law of Supply

A supply curve is a graph illustrating how much of a product a firm will supply per period of time at different prices.
Price of soybeans per bushel ($)
CLARENCE BROWN'S SUPPLY SCHEDULE FOR SOYBEANS

QUANTITY SUPPLIED (THOUSANDS OF BUSHELS PER YEAR) 0 10 20 30 45 45
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50
Thousands of bushels of soybeans produced per year
PRICE (PER BUSHEL) $ 2 1.75 2.25 3.00 4.00 5.00
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Price and Quantity Supplied: The Law of Supply

Price of soybeans per bushel ($)
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50
Thousands of bushels of soybeans produced per year
The law of supply states that there is a positive relationship between price and quantity of a good supplied.
This means that supply curves typically have a positive slope.
Other Determinants of Supply

The price of the good or service.
The cost of producing the good, which in turn depends on:
The price of required inputs
(labor, capital, and land),

The technologies that can be
used to produce the product, The prices of related products.
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Shift of Supply Versus Movement Along a Supply Curve

A higher price causes higher quantity supplied, and a move along the demand curve.
A change in determinants of supply other than price causes an increase in supply, or a shift of the entire supply curve, from SA to SB.
Shift of Supply Curve for Soybeans Following Development of a New Seed Strain
In this example, since the factor affecting supply is not the price of soybeans but a technological change in soybean production, there is a shift of the supply curve rather than a movement along the supply curve.
The technological advance means that more output can be supplied for at any given price level.
Shift of Supply Versus Movement Along a Supply Curve

To summarize: Change in price of a good or service leads to Change in quantity supplied (Movement along the curve). Change in costs, input prices, technology, or prices of related goods and services leads to Change in supply (Shift of curve).
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From Individual Supply to Market Supply

The supply of a good or service can be defined for an individual firm, or for a group of firms that make up a market or an industry.
Market supply is the sum of all the quantities of a good or service supplied per period by all the firms selling in the market for that good or service.
From Individual Supply to Market Supply

As with market demand, market supply is the horizontal summation of individual firms supply curves.
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Market Equilibrium
Market equilibrium is the condition that exists when quantity supplied and quantity demanded are equal. At equilibrium, there is no tendency for the market price to change.
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Market Equilibrium
Only in equilibrium is quantity supplied equal to quantity demanded.
At any price level other than P0, such as P1, quantity supplied does not equal quantity demanded.
Excess Demand
Excess demand, or shortage, is the condition that exists when quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied at the current price.
When quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied, price tends to rise until equilibrium is restored.
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Excess Supply
Excess supply, or surplus, is the condition that exists when quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded at the current price.
When quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded, price tends to fall until equilibrium is restored.
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Changes in Equilibrium
Higher demand leads to higher equilibrium price and higher equilibrium quantity.
Higher supply leads to lower equilibrium price and higher equilibrium quantity.
Changes in Equilibrium
Lower demand leads to lower price and lower quantity exchanged.
Lower supply leads to higher price and lower quantity exchanged.

Relative Magnitudes of Change
The relative magnitudes of change in supply and demand determine the outcome of market equilibrium.
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Relative Magnitudes of Change
When supply and demand both increase, quantity will increase, but price may go up or down.
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Review Terms and Concepts

capital market complements, complementary goods demand curve demand schedule entrepreneur equilibrium excess demand or shortage income inferior goods input or factor markets labor market perfect substitutes product or output markets profit quantity demanded
land market
law of demand law of supply market demand market supply movement along a demand curve normal goods
quantity supplied
shift of a demand curve substitutes supply curve supply schedule wealth or net worth
excess supply or surplus

factors of production firm households
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CHAPTER

Prepared by: Fernando Quijano and Yvonn Quijano

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing

Principles of Economics, 7/e

Karl Case, Ray Fair

C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium

Firms and Households: The Basic Decision-Making Units

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing

Principles of Economics, 7/e

Karl Case, Ray Fair

C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium

Input Markets and Output Markets: The Circular Flow

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing

Principles of Economics, 7/e

Karl Case, Ray Fair

C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium

Input Markets and Output Markets: The Circular Flow

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing

Principles of Economics, 7/e

Karl Case, Ray Fair

C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium

Input Markets and Output Markets: The Circular Flow

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing

C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium

Input Markets and Output Markets: The Circular Flow

households supply work for wages to firms that demand labor.

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing

Principles of Economics, 7/e

Karl Case, Ray Fair

C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium

Input Markets and Output Markets: The Circular Flow

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing

C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium

Input Markets and Output Markets: The Circular Flow

households supply land or other real property in exchange for rent.

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing

Principles of Economics, 7/e

Karl Case, Ray Fair

C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium

Input Markets and Output Markets: The Circular Flow

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing

Principles of Economics, 7/e

Karl Case, Ray Fair

C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium

Demand in Product/Output Markets

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing

Principles of Economics, 7/e

Karl Case, Ray Fair

C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium

Demand in Product/Output Markets

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing

C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium

Demand in Product/Output Markets

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing

C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium

Demand in Product/Output Markets

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing

Principles of Economics, 7/e

Karl Case, Ray Fair

C H A P T E R 3: Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium

Changes in Quantity Demanded Versus Changes in Demand

2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing

Principles of Economics, 7/e