Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Purpose of Hypothesis Testing: To make a judgment about the difference between the sample statistic and the population parameter
The sample likes the caveman campaign. Is this an accurate representation of the populations attitude?
The mechanism adopted to make this objective judgment is the core of hypothesis testing
Problem Definition Clearly state the null and alternative hypotheses. Choose the relevant test and the appropriate probability distribution Determine the significance level Compute relevant test statistic Choose the critical value Compare test statistic and critical value
OR no relationship
Between two population parameters
Alternative hypothesis (Ha or H1) the hypothesis of differences or relationships in the population Example
Ho: Mean population attitudes = 2 Ha: Mean population attitudes are not = 2; OR Ho: Use of social media is not related to likelihood of response to online ads Ha: Use of social media is positively related to likelihood of response to online ads
For confirmation of Ha look in the tail of the direction of the Research Hypothesis
level)
test)
level)
Therefore in Type 1 error you declare an effect which does not exist
t (if is unknown) t
ANOVA
Chi-square Step-by-Step
1) Formulate Hypotheses
Alternative Hypothesis Ha
The two variables are not independent School affiliation does influence the decision to eat at the student union
F(x2)
df = 4
= .05 x2
Chi-square Step-by-Step
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Formulate Hypotheses Calculate row and column totals Calculate row and column proportions Calculate expected frequencies (Ei) Calculate 2 statistic
(Oi Ei ) i 1 Ei
2 n
With (r-1)*(c-1) degrees of freedom r = number of rows c = number of columns Expected frequency in each cell: Ei = pc * pr * n Where pc and pr are proportions for independent variables and n is the total number of observations
Chi-square Step-by-Step
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Formulate Hypotheses Calculate row and column totals Calculate row and column proportions Calculate expected frequencies (Ei) Calculate 2 statistic Calculate degrees of freedom
Chi-square Step-by-Step
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Formulate Hypotheses Calculate row and column totals Calculate row and column proportions Calculate expected frequencies (Ei) Calculate 2 statistic Calculate degrees of freedom Obtain Critical Value from table
Chi-square Step-by-Step
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Formulate Hypotheses Calculate row and column totals Calculate row and column proportions Calculate expected frequencies (Ei) Calculate 2 statistic Calculate degrees of freedom Obtain Critical Value from table Make decision regarding the Null-hypothesis
School
B
C
20
45
16
18 This is a Cell
D
E
16
9
6
2
Chi-square example
School A B C D Eat at SU O1 = 10 E1 = 12 O3 = 20 E3 = 24 O5 = 45 E5 = 42 O7 = 16 E7 = 15
36/150
Pr 0.12 0.24 0.42 0.15
Dont Eat O2 = 8 E2 = 6 O4 = 16 E4 = 12 O6 = 18 E6 = 21 O8 = 6 E8 = 7
F
Total Pc
O9 = 9 E9 = 7 100 0.67
11
150 1.00
0.07
1.00
Chi-square example
Observed chi-square = [(10 12)2 / 12] + [(8 6)2 / 6] + [(20 24)2 / 24] + + [(2 4)2 / 4] = 5.42 d.f. = (r-1)(c-1) = (5-1)(2-1) = 4 Critical chi-square at 5% level of significance at 4 degrees of freedom = 9.49 Since observed chi-square < critical chi-square (5.42 < 9.49), H0 cannot be rejected Hence decision to eat / not eat at the student union is statistically independent of their school affiliation. In other words there is no relationship between the decision to eat at the SU and the school they are in.
Ex: Significance level = .05 Degrees of freedom = 4 CVx2 = 9.49 The decision rule when testing hypotheses by means of chi-square distribution is: If x2 is <= CVx2, accept H0 Thus, for 4 df and = .05 If x2 is > CVx2, reject H0 If If x2 is <= 9.49, accept H0