ELECTRICAL & INSTRUMENTATION TECHNOLOGY BKF1332

CHAPTER 1

Hafizuddin W. Yussof
hafizuddinwy@gmail.com

Where Are We:

Week 7 Holiday 7/11-11/10..

Expectation:

Replacement class.. Week 11 Chapter 6

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC SYSTEM

1.1 An electric system 1.2 Current flow in a circuits 1.3 Electrical units 1.4 Ohms Law 1.5 Introduction to electrical components 1.6 Magnetism and Electromagnetism 1.7 Complex number

1.1 An electrical system

Transmission system

Source

Control

Load

Figure 1: Parts of an electrical system

1.1 An electrical system

Refer Figure 1 The source provide energy for electrical system (e.g. battery, generator) The load absorb electrical energy supplied ( e.g. lamps, heater) The transmission system conducts energy from source to the load (e.g. insulated wire) The control apparatus to control (e.g. switch)

1.1 An electrical system

Switch (control apparatus)

Read from LEFT to RIGHT

Generator (source) G

Load bulb (load unit)

Wires (transmission system)

Figure: Simple lamp circuit

1.2 Current flow in a circuits

Current flow
Source

circuit

Figure: Elementary circuit

Current is the rate of flow of charge through a section of the circuit. The conditions are: -Complete circuits around to move electron -Driving influence to cause continuous flow (electromotive force: e.m.f)

1.3 Electrical units

Electrical unit Current Charge Electric potential / voltage Electric resistance Electromotive force (e.m.f) Symbol I Q V R E Unit Ampere (A) Coulomb (C) Volt (V) Ohm () Volt (V)

1.3 Electrical units

Electrical unit Capacitance Symbol C Unit Farad (F)

Energy
Frequency

W
f

Joule (J)
Hertz (Hz)

Inductance
Power

L
P

Henry (H)
Watt (W)

1.3 Electrical units

Electrical unit Power Charge Electric potential Efficiency Symbol P Q V Important formulae P=VI=I2R Q=It V=P/I V=W/Q V=IR =Po/Pin =Wo/Win

Work

W=Fl W=1/2mu2 W=Pt

1.3 Electrical units

Letters are used in electronics to represent quantities and units. The units and symbols are defined by the SI system.

Magnetic Units

Letters are also used to represent magnetic quantities and units in the SI system.

1.3 Electrical units: Examples

1.

A circuit delivers energy (P) at the rate of 20 Watt and the current is 10 A. Determine the energy (J) (of each coulomb (Q) of charge in the circuit. V = P/I W = VQ

Answer
1.

V = P/I = 20/10 = 2Volt

W = VQ =2Vx1C =2J

1.3 Electrical units: Examples

A current of 5 A flows in a resistor of resistance 8 . Determine the rate of heat dissipation (P) and also the heat dissipated (W) in 30s.

P = I2R W = Pt

Dissipate = disperse

Answer
P = I2R =52 x 8 = 200 W
W = Pt = 200 W (J/s) x 30 s = 6000 J

1.4 Ohms Law

The ratio of voltage to current is constant, provided other physical factors such as T remain unchanged. V proportional to I V=IR (R= constant termed the resistance of the conductor)
V

1.5 Introduction to electrical components

Resistors

Resist or limit, electrical current in a circuit.

1.5 Introduction to electrical components

1.5 Introduction to electrical components

Conductors

Materials that readily allow current. They have a large number of electrons in their structure.

Most metals are good conductors.

Copper, aluminium, silver, platinum, bronze, gold

1.5 Introduction to electrical components

Capacitors

Store electrical charge. They are used to block direct current (dc) and pass alternating current (ac)

1.5 Introduction to electrical components

Common types of fixes capacitors

1.4 Introduction to electrical components

Inductors

Also known as coils. Are used to store enegy in an electomagnetic field.

1.4 Introduction to electrical components

1.5 Introduction to electrical components

Semiconductors

Are classed below the conductors in their ability to carry current because they have fewer free electrons than conductors. Certain semiconductor materials are the basis for diode, transistor and integrated circuit. Common semiconductor materials are silicon and germanium.

1.4 Introduction to electrical components

1.5 Introduction to electrical components

Insulators

Material that are poor conductors of electric current.

Are used to prevent current where it is not wanted. Glass, rubber, plastic, air varnish, paper, wood, mica, ceramic and certain oils.

Summary

Resistors limit electric current. Capacitors store electrical charge. Inductors store energy in an electromagnetic field. Transformers magnetically couple ac voltages, and may step these voltages up/down.

1.6 Magnetism and Electromagnetism

A permanent magnet, such as the bar magnet shown in figure below has a magnetic field surrounding it that consists of lines of force, or flux lines.

Attraction and Repulsion

Unlike magnetic poles have an attractive force between them. Two like poles repel each other.

Repel = exert an opposing force on menolak

Altering a Magnetic Field

When nonmagnetic materials such as paper, glass, wood or plastic are placed in a magnetic field, the lines of force are unaltered. When a magnetic material such as iron is placed in a magnetic field, the lines of force tend to be altered to pass through the magnetic material.
Alter = modify/meminda

1.5 Magnetism and Electromagnetism

Magnetic Flux ()

The group of force lines going from north pole to the south pole of a magnet is called the magnetic flux. The number of lines of force in a magnetic field determines the value of the flux. The more lines of force, the greater the flux and the stronger the magnetic field. The unit of magnetic flux is weber (Wb).

1.5 Magnetism and Electromagnetism

Magnetic Flux Density (B)

Is the amount of flux per unit area perpendicular to the magnetic field. Its SI unit is Tesla (T). One tesla equals one weber per square meter (Wb/m2). Formula: B = / A

Magnetizing Materials
Ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel and cobalt have randomly oriented magnetic domains, which become aligned when placed in a magnetic field, thus they effectively become magnets.

1.6 Magnetism and Electromagnetism Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism is the production of a magnetic field by current in a conductor. Electromagnets are used in devices such as tape recorders, electric motors, speakers, solenoids, and relays.

1.6 Magnetism and Electromagnetism

Current produces a magnetic field called an electromagnetic field, around a conductor as illustrated in figure below.

Electromagnetic Field

When current passes through a conductor, an electromagnetic field is created around the conductor. This magnetic field has no north or south pole.

Direction of Lines of Force

The direction of the lines of force surrounding a conductor depend upon the direction of current flow. The right-hand rule is used to determine the direction of the lines of force. If the conductor is grasped in the right hand, with the thumb pointing in the direction of current flow, the fingers of the right hand point in the direction of the magnetic lines of force.

1.6 Magnetism and Electromagnetism

Direction of the lines of force surrounding the conductor. Right-Hand Rule is an aid to remembering the direction of the lines of the force as figure below.

Electromagnetic Induction
When a conductor is moved through a magnetic field, a voltage is induced across the conductor. This principle is known as electromagnetic induction.

Induction = mengaruh

Relative Motion

When a wire is moved across a magnetic field, there is a relative motion between the wire and the magnetic field. When a magnetic field is moved past a stationary wire, there is also relative motion. In either case, the relative motion results in an induced voltage in the wire. The induce voltage depends on the rate of relative motion between the wire and the magnetic field.

Induced Current

The voltage induced by the relative motion of a wire through a magnetic field will cause a current in a load connected to the wire. This current is called an induced current. The concept of induced current is the basis for electric generators.

1.7 Complex number

Complex numbers allow mathematical operations with phasor quantities and are useful in ac circuits. Can subtract, multiply, add, and divide quantities that have both magnitude and angle such as sine waves and other ac circuit quantities.

1.7 Complex number: positive and negative numbers

Positive

Points to the right of the origin on the horizontal axis Points on the vertical axis above the origin

Negative

Points to the left of the origin on the horizontal axis Points on the vertical axis below the origin

1.7 Complex number: positive and negative numbers

Figure: Graphic representation of positive and negative numbers

1.7 Complex number: The complex plane

To distinguish between values on the horizontal axis and vertical axis. Horizontal axis called real axis Vertical axis called imaginary axis

1.7 Complex number: The complex plane

Figure: The complex plane

1.7 Complex number: Angular position on the complex plane

Figure: Angles on the complex plane

1.7 Complex number: Representing a point on the complex plane

Figure: Coordinate points on the complex plane

1.7 Complex number: Value of j

j operator has a value of -1 +j2 is multiplied by j; = j 22 = ( -1)( -1)(2) = (-1)(2) = -2 (negative real axis) Multiplying a positive real number by j2 converts it to the negative real number. (rotation 180o on complex plane)

1.7 Complex number: Value of j

Figure: Effect of the j operator on location of a number on the complex plane.

Introduction to Phasors

Phasors provide a graphic means for representing quantities that have both magnitude and direction (angular position). Phasors are especially useful for representing sine waves in terms of their magnitude and phase angle and also for analysis of reactive circuits.

Phasor Representation of a Sine Wave

The instantaneous value of the sine wave at any point is equal to the vertical distance from the tip of the phasor to the horizontal axis.

1.7 Complex number: Rectangular form

A phasor quantity is represented in rectangular form: A + jB

Figure: Examples of phasors specified by rectangular coordinates

1.6 Complex number: Polar form

A phasor quantity is represented in polar form: C +/-

Figure: Examples of phasors specified by polar values

1.7 Complex number: Conversion from rectangular to polar form

Visualized a phasor as right triangle in the complex plane.

Figure: Right angle relationships in the complex plane

1.7 Complex number: Conversion from rectangular to polar form

Converting from rectangular form (A+jB), to polar form: C = A2 + B2 = tan-1( B/A )

1.7 Complex number: Conversion from rectangular to polar form [Example]

a) b) c) d)

8 + j6 10 j5 -12 j18 -7 +j10

Answers a) C = 10 36.9o b) C = 11.2 26.6o c) C = 21.6 -123.7o d) C = 12.2 125o

1.7 Complex number: Conversion from polar to rectangular form

Converting from polar form (C) to rectangular form: A = C cos B = C sin

A = C cos B = C sin C < = C cos + jC sin = A + jB

1.7 Complex number: Conversion from polar to rectangular form [example]

a) b) c)

10 30o 200 -45o 4 135o

Answers

a)
b) c)

A + jB = 8.66 + j5 A + jB = 141 j141 A + jB = -2.83 + j2.83

1.7 Complex number: Mathematical operations

Addition must in rectangular form

(8 + j5) + (2 + j1) = (8 + 2) + j(5 + 1) = 10 + j6 (20 j10) + (12 + j6) = 32 j4

Subtraction must be in rectangular form

(3 + j4) (1+ j2) = (3 1) j(4 2) = 2 + j2 (15 + j15) (10 j8) = 5 + j23

1.7 Complex number: Mathematical operations

Multiplication easier in polar form (j x j = -1) & (j x j) = +1

(5 + j3) (2 j4) = 10 j20 + j6 + 12 = 22 j14 (10 45o) (5 20o) = (10 x 5) <(45 + 20) = 50 65o

Division easier in polar form

(10 + j5) / (2 + j4) = 2 j1.5 (100 50o) / (25 20o) = (100/25) < (50o 20o) = 4 30o

SUMMARY What have you learn today?

1.1 An electric system 1.2 Current flow in a circuits 1.3 Electrical units 1.4 Ohms Law 1.5 Introduction to electrical components 1.6 Magnetism and Electromagnetism 1.7 Complex number