Basic Civil and Mech. Engg.

UNIT - II

BUILDING COMPONENTS AND STRUCTURES

FOUNDATIONS
STRUCTURE : - i) Super structure (above plinth level) ii) Substructure (below the plinth level) / FOUNDATION Generally about 30% of construction cost is spent on Foundation Soil on which the foundation rests Foundation Soil

OBECTIVES OF A FOUNDATION: 1) To distribute the total load coming on a structure on a larger area 2) To support the structures 3) To give enough stability to the structures against various disturbing forces such as wind and rain 4) To prepare a level surface for concreting and masonry work.

TYPES OF FOUNDATION

1)

SHALLOW FOUNDATION: (when depth of foundation = width) i) Isolated Footing: ii) Combined Footing: (adopted when space between 2 columns is small iii) Strip Footing: (used when soil of good bearing capacity is available at a depth of less than 3m from the ground level). Since the footing is provided throughout the length of wall, incase of load bearing walls, it is called a WALL FOOTING. a) Simple footing (residential buildings) b) Stepped Footing (when ground has a slope)

Strip Footings

Pouring concrete for strip footings Note use of formwork above ground

Limit States

Serviceability

Ultimate

Serviceability Limit State

Maximum load at which structure still performs satisfactorily : Settlement Horizontal movement Rotation Sliding

Force (kN) Applied Load

Foundation Failure

Rotational Failure

Force

Soil Heave

Resistance

Bearing Pressure Definitions

Allowable Bearing Pressure q a= qF (settlement) < s /A F F
Plan Area, A

Ultimate Bearing Capacity qult = Ffail / A

STEPPED FOOTING

2) DEEP FOUNDATION

a) PILE FOUNDATION

UNDER REAMED PILE (on expansive soils)

Bearing Capacity of soil: - indicates max. load / unit area, which the soil will resist safely without displacement Safe bearing capacity = Ultimate bearing power of soil / Factor of safety For non- cohesive soils (sand & gravel) allowable bearing capacity, to be reduced by 50 %, provided the water table is above or near the bearing surface of the soil. How to find Bearing capacity of the soil ? 1) Load the soil, noting the settlement 2) max. load / area on which the load is applied 3) Max. load is obtained from graph, btwn. load and settlement

METHODS OF IMPROVING BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL If the bearing capacity of soil is so low, that the dimensions of footings, work out to be very large and UNECONOMICAL. i) ii) Increasing the depth of foundation Compacting the soil a) Running moist soil b) Rubble compaction into the soil c) Flooding the soil d) vibrating the soil e) vibroflotation method f) compaction by preloading g) using sand piles iii) Draining the subsoil water iv) Confining the soil mass v) Grouting with cement vi) Chemical treatments like injecting silicates, etc.

LOADS ON FOUNDATION: 1) DEAD LOAD: self weight provision for future construction also be cared To calculate dead load: knowledge of weight of common building materials is necessary 2) LIVE LOAD: superimposed load movable load on the floor includes weight of persons standing on the floor, weight of materials stored temporarily,etc.

3) WIND LOAD: For TALL buildings

ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD FOUNDATION: 1) The foundation should be so located, that it is able to resist any unexpected future influence, which may adversely affect its performance. 2) 3) Should be stable / safe against any possible failure Should not settle / deflect to such an extent that will impair its usefulness.

Names of brick surfaces

Common cut brick shapes

MASONRY TERMS

Masonry units and mortar joints

Masonry Terms.. Course One of several continuous, horizontal layers (or rows) of masonry units bonded together. Wythe Each continuous, vertical section of a wall, one masonry unit thick. Sometimes called a tier. Stretcher A masonry unit laid flat on its bed along the length of a wall with its face parallel to the face of the wall. Header A masonry unit laid flat on its bed across the width of a wall with its face perpendicular to the face of the wall. Generally used to bond two wythes. Row lock A header laid on its face or edge across the width of a wall. Bull header A rowlock brick laid with its bed perpendicular to the face of the wall. Bull stretcher A rowlock brick laid with its bed parallel to the face of the wall. Soldier A brick laid on its end with its face perpendicular to the face of the wall.

Spreading mortar for the bed joint

POINTS TO REMEMBER - BRICK MASONRY: 1) Brick - saturated with water - to prevent absorption of moisture from the mortar. 2) Mortar good quality 3) Brick work should be raised uniformly 4) After construction, brick work should be well watered 2 to 3 weeks (lime mortar) : 1 2 weeks (Cement mortar)

Kiln Construction Stage 1

Kiln Construction - Stage3

Kiln Construction - Stage4

Sealing of doors with bricks

BEAMS
Beam is a horizontal structural member used to support LOADS Used to support roof and floors in building

http://www.scribd.com/doc/9406707/Beam-Lecture

RECTANGULAR GIRDERS