Analog to digital converter ( ADC, A2D, A/D )

Suppose a binary number with N bits is to represent an analog value ranging from 0 to A There are 2N possible numbers Resolution = A / 2N

Resolution Example
Temperature range of 0 K to 300 K to be linearly

converted to a voltage signal of 0 to 2.5 V, then digitized with an 8-bit A/D converter
2.5 / 28 = 0.0098 V, or about 10 mV per step 300 K / 28 = 1.2 K per step

Resolution Example
Temperature range of 0 K to 300 K to be linearly

converted to a voltage signal of 0 to 2.5 V, then digitized with a 10-bit A/D converter
2.5 / 210 = 0.00244V, or about 2.4 mV per step
300 K / 210 = 0.29 K per step

Encoder/Decoder Vocabulary
ENCODER- a digital circuit that produces a binary output code depending on which of its inputs are activated.

DECODER- a digital circuit that converts an input binary code into a single numeric output.

ENCODERS AND DECODERS

A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 O0 O1 O2 ENCODER A0 A1 A2 DECODER O0 O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7

ONLY ONE INPUT ACTIVATED AT A TIME BINARY CODE OUTPUT

BINARY CODE INPUT ONLY ONE OUTPUT ACTIVATED AT A TIME

THE 8421 BCD CODE

BCD stands for Binary-Coded Decimal.

A BCD number is a four-bit binary group that represents one of the ten decimal digits 0 through 9. Example:
Decimal number 4926 4 9 2 6

8421 BCD coded number

0100 1001 0010 0110

ELECTRONIC ENCODER -

DECIMAL TO BCD
BCD output Decimal input

0000 111
Decimal to BCD Encoder

7 5

3
0

Encoders are available in IC form. This encoder translates from decimal input to BCD output.

10 line to 4 line Encoder

DECIMAL 8 ENCODER
9 5V 8 5V 7 5V 6 5V 5 5V 4 5V 3 5V 2 5V 1 5V 74147 I9 I8 I7 A3 I6 A2 I5 A1 I4 A0 I3 I2 I1

BINARY (BCD) 4 2 1

4 line to 10 line Decoder

DECIMAL 9 8 DECODER BINARY (BCD)
74LS42 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

8 0V 4 0V 2 0V 1 0V

A3 A2 A1 A0

DECODERS: BCD TO 7-SEGMENT DECODER/DRIVER

BCD input Decimal output LED BCD-to7-Segment Decoder/ Driver

0 00 0 0 00 0 01 01 01 1 1

Electronic decoders are available in IC form. This decoder translates from BCD to decimal. Decimals are shown on an 7-segment LED display.

This IC also drives the 7-segment LED display.

TEST
Q #1- What is the decimal output from the decoder that #5#4#3#2appears on the 7-segment display? Answer: 3 6 7 9 0

BCD input 10 0 11 1 00000 01 1 00 BCD-to7-Segment Decoder/ Driver

Decimal output

BCD-TO-SEV EN SEGMENT DECODER DRIVER

V+

abcdef g . 74LS47 A3 g A2 f A1 e A0 d c b a test RBI RBO

5V

TEST
A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 ENCODER O0 O1 O2 O3
INPUT A1=1 A4=1 A6=1 A8=1 O3 O2 O1 O0