REVISION OF EMBRYOLOGY

BY DR. MUDASSAR ALI ROOMI

SPERMATOGENESIS

SPERMIOGENESIS
Definition? Steps? Role of acrosome??

OOGENESIS
Germ cell derived from???? First meiotic division stops at..?? 2nd meiotic division is not completed until.???? Why with increasing age more chances of non-disjunction???

OVOGENESIS

 Role of theca interna and theca externa?????

SHORT NOTES
Biological importance of mitosis and meiosis?? Importance of crossing over during meiosis?? Cause of variations in human beings???

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
Spermatogenesis
Begins at puberty. Occurs in testis for formation of sperms. One spermatogonium forms four spermatids. Thousands of cells are dividing at a time to form sperms. Parent cell divides into equal cells. Completes irrespective of the fertilization. Mature Sperms are not surrounded by protective cells. Time required for a spermatogonium to become a mature sperm is usually 64 days.

Oogenesis
Begins before birth. Occurs in ovaries for formation of ova.

One oogonium forms one mature egg only. 5-15 primordial follicles enter in one cycle. Parent cell divides into unequal cells. 2nd meiotic division completes after fertilization. Ovum is surrounded by follicular cells.
Total Time for oogenesis may be as long as 45 years.

STRUCTURE OF A SPERM
What is capacitation??? What is acrosomal reaction???

STRUCTURE OF GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THECA INTENA AND THECA EXTERNA?? ROLE OF ZONA PELLUCIDA??

QUESTIONS
Spontaneous abortions and birth defects?? Numerical or structural defects of chromosoms; gene mutations ?? Non-disjunction and its relation with maternal age??? Euploidy and aneuploidy?? Monosomy and trisomy?? Mosaicism?? Tranlocation (balance and unbalanced)??

DOWN SYNDROME (MONGOLISM)

CAUSE?? RELATION TO MATERNAL AGE??

CLINICAL FEATURES OF DOWN SYNDROME

Smiling but expressionless face. Hypotonia. Mental retardation. Small and low set ears. cardiac defects. High incidence of leukemia, infections and alzeimers disease.

KLINEFELTER SYNDROME
Feature found in males and detected usually at puberty. Testicular atrophy. Sterility. Gynacomastia.

TURNER SYNDROME

TRANSLOCATION 14-21

CHROMOSOMAL MOSAICISM

MENSTRUAL CYCLE

OVULATION
Mechanism of ovulation (LH surge)?? Fate of ovulation???? What is corpus luteum, corpus luteum gravidarum, corpus albicans and corpus atreticum??? How corpus luteum is formed??? Fate of corpus luteum??? What to do in women who fail to ovulate??? What is the role of progesteron in maintenace of pregnancy and from where is it secreted???

PHASES OF FERTILIZATION
1.

2.
3. 4. 5. 6.

Passage of the sperm through corona radiata. Penetration of the zona pellucida. Fusion of the plasma membrane of the oocyte and sperm. Completion of the second meiotic division of oocyte and formation of female pronucleus. Formation of the male pronucleus. As the pronuclei fuse into a single diploid aggregate of chromosomes, the ootid becomes a zygote.

Where does fertilization occurs?? What is capacitation and acrosomal reaction??? What is cortical reaction and zona reaction???

RESULTS OF FERTILIZATION
1. Completion of the second meiotic division. 2. Restoration of the normal diploid number of chromosomes in the zygote. 3. Variation in human beings through mingling of the maternal and paternal chromosomes. 4. Determines chromosomal sex of the embryo. 5. Initiation of cleavage (cell division) of the zygote.

CLINICAL CORRELATIONS
Contraceptive methods Barrier methods ( condoms, diaphragm). OCPs. IUCDs. Permanent methods (vasectomy and tubal ligation). infertility Causes of male infertility? Causes of female infertility? IVF ??? GIFT ???? ZIFT ??? ICSI???

MORULA AND BLASTULA

FIRST WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT

SUMMARY OF FIRST WEEK

1. 2. 3. 4. Ovulation is completed and ovum enters the fallopian tubes. Spermatogenesis is completed. If sperms are there in vagina, they get entry to fallopian tubes. Fertilization occurs in ampulla of the fallopian tubes. 2nd meiotic division of the ovum is completed; and zygote is formed. Cleavage occurs as embryo passes through the fallopian tubes and embryo becomes a compact ball of cells (morula). Then a cavity develops in the embryo ( blastula). Now the embro is having inner and outer cell mass. Zona pellucida is shed off and now embryo attaches the endometrial surface and starts penetrating the endometrium. Outer cell mass divides in two layers: cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast.

5.
6. 7. 8.

UTERUS AT THE TIME OF IMPLANTATION

Second week of Development is the Week of twos:

The Trophoblast differentiates into 2 layers: The syncytiotrophoblast and the cytotrophoblast.

The embryoblast (Inner Cell Mass) splits into 2 layers: The epiblast (forms the embryo) and the hypoblast.
The extraembryonic mesoderm splits into 2 layers: the extraembryonic somatopleure and the extraembryonic splanchnopleure 2 cavities form: The aminoic cavity and the yolk sac.

QUESTIONS
What is decidua reaction??? Role of beta hCG? Zygote is not rejected although it is a foreign body to the mother. reason behind?? SLE and rejection of conceptus???

SUMMARY OF IMPLANTATION
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Zona pellucida degenerates (day 5). Blastocyst adheres to the endometrial epithelium. Trophoblast differentiate into two layers. Syncytiotrophoblast erodes the endometrial tissue. Blood filled lacunae appear In the syncytiotrophoblast. Blastocyst sinks beneath the endometrial epithelium and the defect is filled by a fibrin plug. Maternal blood flows in the lacunae. Defect in the endometrial epithelium is repaired. Primary chorionic villi develop (day 13 and 14).

ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
Definition?? Incidence??? Causes (PID)??? Role of zona pellucida??? Common sites??? Placenta previa?? Clinical features??? Risk to mother??? Diagnosis???

HYDATIDIFORM MOLE
Definition? Cause? Clinical features?

SUMMARY OF THE SECOND WEEK

1. Decidua reaction of the endometrium occurs. 2. Implantation completes. 3. Primary yolk sac develops. 4. extra-embryonic mesoderm develops and it splits to form extra-embyonic coelom. 5. Amniotic cavity appears. 6. Embryblast differentiates into bilaminar germ disc. 7. Secondary yolk sac forms parallel to the formation of the extra-emryonic coelom. 8. Prechordal plate develops as a localized thickening of hypoblast.

SACCROCOCCYGEAL TERATOMA

CAUDAL DYSGENESIS (SIRENOMELIA)

DEVELOPMENT OF NOTOCHORD

FATE OF NOTOCHORD?????
Nucleus pulposes of the intervertebral discs of the vertebral column. What are chordomas????

NEURULATION

NTDs AND ROLE OF FOLIC ACID????

TROPHOBLAST AT THE END OF 2ND WEEK

DEVELOPMENT OF TROPHOBLAST DURING 3RD WEEK

TROPHOBLAST AT THE END OF 3RD WEEK

SUMMARY OF THIRD WEEK

1. 2. Primitive streak appears at the caudal end of the embryonic disc. Gastrultion i.e. the formation of three germ layers is the result of migration of cells from primitive streak. 3. Oropharyngeal and cloacal membranes also appear. 4. Notochord also develops from the primitive streak. 5. Neural tube and neural crest also formed. 6. Paraxial mesoderm starts forming somites. 7. Coelom arises in the lateral plate mesoderm 8. Blood vessels develop by angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. 9. Heart tube also starts developing. 10. Primary villi change to secondary and then to tertiary villi. 11. Cytotrophblastic shell also develops.

KEY EVENTS DURING 3TH WEEK

DERIVATIVES OF ECTODERM
SURFACE ECTODERM Epidermis, hair, nails, sweat and mammary glands. Ant. Part of the pituitary gland. Enamel of the teeth. Internal ear. Lens of the eye. NEUROECTODERM
CNS. Retina. pineal body. Post. Part of the pituitary gland. Carnial and sensory ganlia and nerves. Medulla of adrenal glands. Pigment cells (melanocytes). Pharyngeal arch cartilages. Head mesenchyme.

DERIVATIVES OF NEURAL CREST???

DERIVATIVES OF ENDODERM
1. Epithelial parts of: Trachea, bronchi and lungs. 2. Epithelial parts of: GIT, liver, pancreas and urinary bladder. 3. Epithelial parts of: pharynx, thyroid gland, tympanic cavity or middle ear, eostachian tube or pharyngotympanic tube, tonsils and parathyroid glands.

DERIVATIVES OF MESODERM
1. Paraxial mesoderm:(muscles of the head, skeletal muscle of limbs and trunk, skeleton except cranium, dermis of skin and connective tissue). 2. Intermediate mesoderm: (urogenital system including gonads, ducts and accessory glands). 3. Lateral plate mesoderm: (connective tissue and muscle of viscera; primordial heart; serous membranes of pleura, pericardium and peritonium; blood and lymphatic cells; spleen; adrenal cortex).

FOLDING OF THE EMBRYO

Head and tail folding or folding in the median plane Lateral folding or folding in the horizontal plane

1. Occurs due rapid growth of CNS. 2. Responsible for formation of foregut and hindgut mainly. 3. It Converts the embryo into a curved structure.

1. Occurs due to rapid growth of somites. 2. Responsible for formation of midgut mainly. 3. It converts the embryo into a cylinder like structure.

HEAD AND TAIL FOLDING

LATERAL FOLDING

RESULTS OF THE FOLDING OF EMBRYO

1. Formation of Foregut, midgut and hindgut. 2. Formation of omphaloenteric or vitellointestinal duct (vitelline duct). 3. Disc like embryo becomes cylinder like. 4. Incorporatin of allantois in the embryo. 5. Brain goes cranially and heart comes caudally. Oropharyngeal membrane is in between.

SOMITES

ESTIMATION OF THE EMBRYONIC AGE

Gestational age (LNMP). Crown rump length (CRL). Number of somites. Biparietal diameter (BPD). Femur length. Abdominal diameter.

SUMMARY OF THE EVENTS FROM 4TH TO 8TH WEEK

At the beginning of 4th week folding of the embryo occurs in the median and horizontal planes. As the head folds ventrally, part of the endoderm incorporated in the head region forms foregut. As the caudal eminance folds ventrally, part of the endodermal germ layer incorporated in the caudal end of the embryo forms the hind gut. Folding in horizontal plane forms midgut. Three germ layers differentiates into various tissues and organs. External appearance of the embryo becomes human like by the end of 8th week. The embryogenesis period is the most critical as for as the teratogenesis is concerned. Reasonable estimate of the age of the embryo can be made by some parameters of the embryo.

KEY EVENTS DURING 4TH WEEK

KEY EVENTS DURING 5TH WEEK

KEY EVENTS DURING 6TH WEEK

KEY EVENTS DURING 7TH WEEK

KEY EVENTS DURING 8TH WEEK