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CONTENTS
Introduction Optical Media Multimode and Single-Mode fiber Wavelength Division Multiplexing Evolution of optical networking
Intelligent optical networks Multilayer Optical networks Examples
INTRODUCTION
The need for a faster medium with higher bandwidth.
Within time, the amount of traffic on networks and the speed at which the traffic has to be transmitted always becomes higher. The deployment of optical fiber and Wavelength Division Multiplexing has proven to be a good solution for this.
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Optical Media
Optical networks use fiber optic cable to transmit data. messages modulated into light waves. Greater bandwidth. Light pulses are used to transmit data.
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Multilayer networks
The use of ION functionality in an IP-over-OTN (Optical Transport Network) allows us to dynamically reconfigure the logical IP networkwhen needed. Logical links can be added where the capacity of existing links seems insufficient. For every logical link, there is a light path in the optical layer. The logical topology is virtual: real routers but no actual cables. Two nodes in this layer can be directly connected, even though there exist no direct links in the physical layer.
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Multilayer networks(eg)
Multilayer Topolgy Topology in the logical layer
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PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
The goal of performance management is to enable service providers to provide guaranteed quality of service to the users of their network. Performance management is closely tied in to fault management. Fault management also includes restoring service in the event of failures.
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-can be detected only when the signal is available in the electrical domain
-overhead consists of parity check bytes by which the BER can becomputed.
Optical Trace - Itisdesirable tohavea unique identierassociatedwitheach lightpath. -This identier is called an op-tical path trace.The trace enables the management system to identify, verify, andmanage the connectivity of a lightpath.
Alarm Management - In a network, a single failure event may cause multiple alarms to be generated all over the network and incorrect actions to be taken in response to the failed condition. -Alarm suppression is accomplished by using a set of special signals, called the forward defect indicator (FDI) and the backward defect indicator(BDI).
POLICING -monitor the wavelength and power levels of signals being input to the network to ensure that they meet the requirements imposed by the network.
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CONCLUSION
Clearly, networking has undergone tremendous changes over the past 25 years.more wide spread adoption of OTN technology to simplify network operations, a greater role for Ethernet, increased use of optics to achieve cost efficiencies, and a mix of wavelength line-rates (possibly in conjunction with wavebands) to better match the service granularities. Whatever direction networks follow, it is clear that steady traffic growth, with a greater diversity of services, will continue. To meet this growth, carriers will continue to seek technologies that provide cost, scalability, and operational advantages.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Optical Networks,A Practical Perspective,Third Edition Data Connection Computer Technology, Introduction to MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS), http://www.dataconnection.com/mpls/whatis.htm Ghent University - IMEC, Department of Information Technology, Multi-layer Traffic Engineering in Data-centric Optical Networks, Illustration of concepts and benefits Paola Iovanna, Roberto Sabella, and Marina Settembre, Ericsson Lab Italy, A Traffic Engineering System for Multilayer Networks Based on the GMPLS Paradigm Ghent University - IMEC, Department of Information Technology, Influence of the observation window size on the performance of multi-layer traffic engineering