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Lecture Objectives
by the end of the lecture you should be able to
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. List the functions of proteins in the plasma membrane Describe the process of facilitated diffusion & active transport using specific examples Describe the process of exocytosis & endocytosis using specific examples Define resting membrane potential (RMP) & give a typical value using the appropriate units Explain the 3 reasons why a separation of charge exists across the cell membrane Calculate the equilibrium potential for Na+, K+ & ClDescribe how the movement of K+, Na+ & the NaK ATPase pump contribute to the RMP
Membrane Transport
Cell membrane is selectively permeable Two properties influence whether substances can permeate the cell membrane without assistance Relative solubility of the particle in lipid Size of the particle
Membrane Transport
Unassisted membrane transport, i.e. molecules can penetrate through the plasma membrane on their own Diffusion Osmosis
Assisted membrane transport or carrier-mediated transport Facilitated transport Active transport Vesicular transport
Diffusion
Uniform spreading of molecules due to their random motion
Osmosis
Net diffusion of water down its own concentration gradient Important in the movement of fluid across secretory epithelia e.g. lung epithelium & sweat gland Cell volume regulation
Carrier-mediated transport
Accomplished by membrane carrier protein Can be active transport or passive transport (facilitative diffusion) Characteristics that determine the kind and amount of material that can be transferred across the membrane Specificity Saturation Competition
Transport maximum or T m
Facilitated diffusion (carrier-mediated transport down concentration gradient) Substances move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration Requires protein carrier molecule Means by which glucose is transported into cells
Active transport
Moves a substance against its concentration gradient
Requires a protein carrier molecule Primary active transport Requires direct use of ATP, e.g. Ca2+ ATPase pump & NaK ATPase pump Secondary active transport Driven by an ion concentration gradient established by a primary active transport system, e.g. Na+-Ca2+ exchanger or Na+-glucose transporter in the GIT
http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter6/animations.html#
Exocytosis
Provides mechanism for secreting large polar molecules, insulin & catecholamines
http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter6/animations.html#
Concentrations & permeability of ions responsible for the RMP in a typical mammalian cell
Concentration (mM) Extracellular Intracellular Relative Permeability
Ion
Na+
155
15
K+
160
50-75
A-
65
Cl-
70
50
Distribution of K+ ions
ECF ICF
+ K -
+
+
K+
Concentration gradient
Electrical gradient
+
+
+
+
Concentration gradient + -
Na+
Na+
Cl
Electrical gradient
+
+ + +
E= equilibrium potential for ion in mV 61 is a constant incorporating the universal gas constant (R), absolute temperature (T), the ions valence (z), an electrical constant Faraday (F) and the conversion of the natural logarithm (ln) to the logarithm to the base 10 (log); 61 = RT/zF Co is the extracellular concentration of ion (mM) Ci is the intracellular concentration of ion (mM)
Concentrations & permeability of ions responsible for the RMP in a typical mammalian cell
Concentration (mM) Extracellular Intracellular Relative Permeability
Ion
Na+
155
15
K+
160
50-75
A-
65
Cl-
70
50
Calculations
Calculate the EK, ENa and ECl 1. EK = 2. ENa = 3. ECl = What direction is the driving force for K+, Na+ and Cl- if the RMP is -70mV? 1. Driving force for K+ 2. Driving force for Na+ 3. Driving force for Cl-
+ K
2 K+
3 Na+
RMP = -70mV
Na+
Na+
ENa ~ 60mV
Approaches ENa
0
threshold
Approaches EK
Summary
A typical value for the RMP is -70mV with reference to the ICF
Both K+ and Na+ ions play an important role in the establishment of the RMP
The equilibrium potential for a particular ion is the voltage at which there is no net movement of that ion The RMP is closer to EK, rather then ENa, because the resting membrane is more permeable to K+ At RMP neither K+ or Na+ ions are at equilibrium, hence passive diffusion of these ions is prevented by the action of NaK ATPase