Rheology concept of viscosity

factors influencing the viscosity

Rheology
Flow

of liquids Deformation of solids

Study of flow properties of liquids is important for several dosage forms, e.g. :- Simple liquids, gels, ointments, creams and pastes

Concept Of Viscosity
Flow

property of a simple liquid is expressed in terms of VISCOSITY Viscosity is an index of resistance of a liquid to flow. Higher the viscosity of a liquid, greater is the resistance to flow. For example, honey, syrup, groundnut oil, all resist the flow more in comparison to water or alcohol

Explanation to understand Concept of Viscosity

Consider a block of liquids consisting of parallel layers of molecules ,similar to a deck of cards
A B C D E N Shear stress A B C D E N

applied on A

Liquid at rest

Stress induced changes

Mathematical Treatment- Viscosity

Shear

Stress the force per unit area, F /A, which is applied to bring about the flow. , F Shear Stress F = A Velocity gradient or rate of shear

rate of shear ,G =

dv (change in velocity)

dr (change in distance)

Higher the velocity of the liquids, greater is the force per unit area required to produce a certain rate of shear. relationship b\w shear stress and rate of shear

Shear stress Rate of shear , F dv A dr F dv = A dr F= G

,

Coefficient of viscosity

Coefficient of Viscosity force per unit area required to maintain unit difference in velocity b\w two parallel layers in the liquid, 1 centimeter apart. Fluidity reciprocal of viscosity

Kinematic Viscosity viscosity divided by density of liquid

=

Relative viscosity - (a synonym of "viscosity ratio") is the ratio of the viscosity of a solution to the viscosity of the solvent 0 used. r =
0

Specific viscosity defined as relative increase in the viscosity of the solution over that of the solvent alone.

Reduced viscosity ratio of specific viscosity to the concentration (c)

=

-0 sp = 0 sp
C

Factors Influencing The Viscosity

Intrinsic

Factors Extrinsic factors

Intrinsic Factors
Chemical nature molecular size, shape and intermolecular forces influences the viscosity

Extrinsic factors
Pressure

,temperature and added substances, influences the viscosity increase in pressure enhances the cohesive forces of interaction, leading to increase in viscosity. Non electrolytes like sucrose , glycerin ,the Solution exhibits increased viscosity.

Temperature
Increases

temperature, the system acquires thermal energy which facilitates the breaking of the cohesive forces. viscosity of liquid decreases In cases gases, temp increases, increases viscosity owing to the increased collisions and interactions.