MILITARY RADARS

INTRODUCTION
RADAR (Radio Detection And Ranging) is the use of electromagnetic waves at sub-optical RADAR (Radio Detection And Ranging) is the use

frequencies (i.e., less than about 1012 Hz) to sense of electromagnetic waves at sub-optical objects at a distance. frequencies (i.e., less than about 1012 Hz) to sense

objects at a distance. Hundreds of different RADAR systems have been designed for various RADAR systems have other. Hundreds of differentpurposes, military andbeen designed for various purposes, military and other.

 RADAR systems are essential to the navigation and tracking of craft at sea and in the air, weather prediction, and scientific research of many kinds.
Military radar should be an early warning, altering along with weapon control functions.

RADAR PRINCIPAL :
In basic RADAR, radio waves are transmitted from an antenna. These outgoing waves eventually bounce off some distant object and return an echo to the sender, where they are received, amplified, and processed electronically to yield an image showing the object's location. The waves sent out may be either short oscillatory bursts (pulses) or continuous sinusoidal waves. If a RADAR transmits pulses it is termed a pulse RADAR, whereas if it transmits a continuous sinusoidal wave it is termed a continuous-wave RADAR.

OPRETION

RADAR SYSTEM
The use of radio waves, reflected or automatically retransmitted, to gain information concerning a distant object. The information consists of range, direction, and radial velocity relative to the radar. The RF (radio frequency) spectrum used by radar normally lies between 30 MHz and 100 + GHz.

OPERATING THE RADAR

The operators main task is to watch the PPI (Plan Position Indicator) display, which presents only moving targets in the normal mode (MTI-MODE). Detected target can be assigned with the joystick controlled order marker to initiate target tracking.

Data flow in a typical military radar system:

Detection
Identification
Interrogation of a target detected. Decoding IFF responses. Display of the decoded IFF responses on the PPI.

Automatic Target Tracking

Reporting Function to External Terminal Equipment

Radar signal processing Pulse Radar

Sonar radar

Data flow at weapon systems

Target Decoding

Parallax Correction

Threat Evaluation

MILITARY RADAR System

THE SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

Radargroup:The radargroup consists of antenna,

mast unit, remote control, high tension unit, LO/AFC (Local Oscillator/Automatic Frequency Control) unit, radar transmitter, radar receiver, video processor, waveguide drier and IFF interrogator. Shelter:Shelter contains display unit, processor unit, TV monitor, colour PPI (Plan Position indicator), IFF control unit, air conditioner, battery charger with battery, Radio set with antenna for data link, radio set with antenna for voice transmission i.e. communication, filter box for radios.

 Motor generator:The motor generator supplies the

power to the whole radar system.

SETS OF TERMINAL EQUIPMENT

TDR (Target Data Receiver):The TDR is either

connected to a VHF-FM radio receiver or to a LCA to receive transmitted target data. Radio Receiver or LCA (Line Connection Adapter): A radio receiver or LCA (with standard 2 wire telephone line) can be used to receive target data. In principle any VHF-FM radio receiver can be used as a part of the terminal equipment set.

RADAR AND THE NEW COMMERCIAL MARKET IN MICROWAVE TECHNOLOGIES

There are four particularly active product areas in the emerging commercial microwave market relevant to military microwave products that exhibit great technological dynamism:

 Land-based wireless communications.

Television Direct Broadcast Satellites (DBS), and High Definition TV (HDTV). Automotive sensors.
Mobile communications satellite systems.

WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
Dramatic growth is expected to continue in the wireless communications sector. High growth in the demand for cellular phones and PCS is expected to drive this increase worldwide cellular phone subscribers are projected to rise from under 90 million in 1995 to almost 700 million in 2003. At the end of 1997, the worldwide digital subscriber base outnumbered the analog subscriber base for the first time. By 2003, digital technologies are expected to account for over 91 percent of the market.

LOW-EARTH ORBIT MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITES

Although the commercial future of many of these systems appears to be in doubt, the new generation of MEO and LEO mobile communications satellite systems are pushing commercial microwave technology up the microwave spectrum closer to technology areas of interest for fire-control radars. If successful, these satellite systems could open up a major new commercial market for active phasedarray radar technologies.

ADVANCED FEATURES AND BENEFITS

All-weather day and night capability.
Multiple target handling and engagement capability. Short and fast reaction time between target detection

and ready to fire moment.

Easy to operate and hence low manning requirements

and stress reduction under severe conditions.

 Highly mobile system, to be used in all kind of terrain.

Flexible weapon integration, and unlimited number

of single air defence weapons can be provided with target data.

High resolution, which gives excellent target

discrimination and accurate tracking.

Advantages:
Because the missile is tracking the target, and the

missile is typically going to be much closer to the target than the launching platform during the terminal phase, the tracking can be much more accurate and also have better resistance to ECM. Active radar homing missiles have some of the best kill probabilities, along with missiles employing track-viamissile guidance.

 Because the missile is totally autonomous during the

terminal phase, the launch platform does not need to have its radar enabled at all during this phase, and in the case of a mobile launching platform like an aircraft, can actually exit the scene or undertake other actions while the missile homes in on its target. This is often referred to as fire-and-forget capability and is a great advantage that modern air-to-air missiles have over their predecessors.

Disadvantages
Since the missile has to contain an entire radar

transceiver and electronics, it was until recently difficult to fit all of this into a missile without unacceptably increasing its size and weight. Even with today's miniaturization making this possible, it is quite expensive to make these missiles since the sophisticated electronics within the missile are inevitably destroyed upon impact.

 There is very little chance that targets with any sort of

decent radar warning receiver would be unaware that an incoming missile is approaching them. This gives them sufficient time to take evasive action and deploy countermeasures. However, given the accuracy of this homing method, unless the target is especially maneuverable or the missile is not, there may not be much they can do to avoid being intercepted. These types of missiles with this mounted equipment are only effective in long range confrontations.

APPLICATION OF MILITARY RADAR

The information provided by radar includes the bearing and range (and therefore position) of the object from the radar scanner. It is thus used in many different fields where the need for such positioning is crucial.

 In aviation, aircraft are equipped with radar devices

that warn of obstacles in or approaching their path and give accurate altitude readings. They can land in fog at airports equipped with radar-assisted groundcontrolled approach (GCA) systems, in which the plane's flight is observed on radar screens while operators radio landing directions to the pilot.

 Marine radars are used to measure the bearing and

distance of ships to prevent collision with other ships, to navigate and to fix their position at sea when within range of shore or other fixed references such as islands, buoys, and lightships. In port or in harbor, vessel traffic service radar systems are used to monitor and regulate ship movements in busy waters.
Police forces use radar guns to monitor vehicle speeds

on the roads.

 Radar has invaded many other fields. Meteorologists

use radar to monitor precipitation. It has become the primary tool for short-term weather forecasting and to watch for severe weather such as thunderstorms, tornadoes, winter storms, precipitation types, etc.