PM2.

5 Identified as main concern in Urban Areas

Health Impact of Fine Particles: Several studies have shown that with an increase of 25g/m3 of PM2.5 in ambient air risk of death increases by 2 to 6%. Data published in the last few years indicates that crustal particles are not correlated to daily mortality. Susceptible Populations: Specific risk groups are more susceptible than normal healthy adults to adverse effects from PM exposure. Aged with respiratory or cardiovascular disease. Children & Asthmatics. Environmental Effects: Vegetation & ecosystems Visibility Role of PM in radiative transfer of energy & potential consequences on climate change.

ECRD Publications

Particulate Deposition in the Human Respiratory Tract

Inhalable Particles enter the nasal and head airways. Thoracic particles travel past the larynx & reach the gas exchange region of the lungs.

Source: PARIVESH issue of September 2001 printed by the CPCB.

Indian Cities are already showing PM2.5 levels much higher than the WHO Standard. PM2.5 Standard notified by Govt. of India in October 2009.
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ECRD Publications

Definitions of PM10 & PM2.5

Inhalable particles enter the respiratory tract. Thoracic particles travel past the larynx & reach the gas exchange region of the lungs. PM10 Particle size distribution closely resembles the thoracic distribution with a D50 at 10m. PM2.5 size distribution with D50 at 2.5m AD It is important to note that particle sizes referred above are NOT physical particle sizes but Aerodynamic Diameters.

Aerodynamic Diameter is defined as the diameter of a

spherical particle with a settling velocity equal to that of the particle in question, but with a density of 1g/cm3.

ECRD Publications

Envirotech takes the lead in developing an Indigenous PM2.5 Sampler

Envirotech Introduced the APM550 Fine Particle Sampler in 1999-2000. Early users include: Research & Academic Institutes like:
Jadavpur University & Bose Institute NEERI IITs Kanpur, Mumbai, Roorkee ITRC

Pollution Control Boards:

West Bengal Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Orissa

With more than 100 instruments in the field almost ALL the PM2.5 data from India is based on the Envirotech APM 550 Sampler. The APM 550MFC is an upgraded model of the field proven APM 550.

ECRD Publications

Fine Particulate Sampler Envirotech APM 550

Critical Orifice maintains flow rate constant at 16.7LPM In-built DRY GAS METER reports total air volume sampled. No electrical / heat dissipation in cabinet housing the Filter Holder ensures volatile fractions of PM2.5 Sample are not lost. Impactors based on designs by US EPA. Same Instrument can be used for PM10 and PM2.5 Sampling.

ECRD Publications

Fine Particulate Sampler Envirotech APM 550MFC

Mass Flow Sensor based automatic flow control. Inbuilt Ambient Pressure & Temp. Sensor for reporting correct Volumetric Flow rate. Data Logger records Flow Rate, Ambient Temp. & Filter Temp. Impactors based on designs by US EPA. Same Instrument can be used for PM10 and PM2.5 Sampling.

ECRD Publications

Fine Particulate Sampler Envirotech APM 550MFC

ECRD Publications

PM2.5 Sampler
Why Mass Flow Measurement
Calibration of FLOW SENSOR not dependent on Pressure and Temperature. This implies that air volume measurement becomes more reliable.

Air Volume still to be reported in VOLUMETRIC Units

This implies that measured air volume has to be corrected based on prevailing ambient air temperature and pressure.

ECRD Publications

Monitoring Fine Particulates in Ambient Air

Precautions
Minimize exposure of the filters to open air. Keep them covered in the filter carriers provided. The membrane is fragile take care to handle the filter only on its edge using blunt tweezers. Weigh the filters on a micro-balance with a resolution of at least 0.01mg. Re-weigh the filters a few times to confirm repeatability of the weight. Reject the readings if they vary by more than 0.1mg. EPA recommends that a Blank Filter be processed to keep track of drifts and artifacts.
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ECRD Publications

Choice of PM10 Sampler

RDS
Flow Rate at 1m3/min implies: Large Volume of Air Sampled provides good quantity of dust sample. Reliable weighment feasible on balance with resolution of 0.1mg. Enough dust sample for analysis of constituents such as Lead, Arsenic, Nickel.. Measurement of trace toxic pollutants such as PAH feasible.

ECRD Publications

Comparison of Data
Date 16/04/0917/04/09 Type of Instruments 550 MFC-1 550 MFC-2 Ref. 550 460 NL(Ref.) 550 MFC-1 550 MFC-2 Ref. 550 550 MFC-1 550 MFC-2 Ref.550 550 MFC-3 550 MFC-4 APM 550 Ref MFC-6 MFC-7 MFC-8 APM550 Ref. APM550 (PM10) 550 MFC Ref. APM550-1 APM550-2 460 NL APM 550 Ref. APM 550-1 APM550-2 APM 550 Ref. 460 NL Air volume(m3) 14.35947 12.01536 12.5024 785.376 15.53207 15.71070 16.3036 16.15173 16.12279 16.4754 17.5601 17.5730 16.9880 20.05119 20.0722 19.96810 20.1194 20.1964 PM 2.5 72 69 67 337 71 74 74 368 373 365 276 270 267 121 121 110 115 226 151 139 280 233 487 811 798 286 PM 10

21/04/0922/04/09 22/04/0923/04/09 04/02/201005/02/2010 29/01/2010

10/02/201011/02/2010

05/02/201006/02/2010 15/01/201016/01/2010

15.9672 15.236 893.016 14.3420 14.4164 14.7046 14.7056 1022.175

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ECRD Publications