Communication Systems 8th lecture

Chair of Communication Systems Department of Applied Sciences University of Freiburg 2006

1 | 54

Communication Systems
Administrative stuff

Lecture on 13.06 might be called off. Please check the webpage before the lecture. 06.06, 08.06, 15.06 are holidays, no lecture, no practical. Next practical course is on 22.06, in RZ basement -101.

2 | 54

Communication Systems
Last lectures

We started with rather modern communication technologies and introduced the Internet Protocol as a global orientated packet switching network technology

IP can be run over very different physical media and intermediate protocols And IP is used for more and more networked services Very popular traditional service is telephony mostly 1:1 voice communication

With the upcoming Voice-over-IP we could observe a merge of both networks

3 | 54

Communication Systems
Upcoming lectures

To get an idea how traditional and modern wireless telephony networks work, we give an introduction to ISDN, GSM and UMTS First traditional telephony networks its history and their concepts in general Digitization of voice - PCM Then introduction to ISDN a completely digitalized communication infrastructure

call setup and global routing in telephony networks

4 | 54

Communication Systems
plan for this lecture

History of telephony networks and wireless information networks Line switching

DTMF dual tone multi frequency

Telephony protocol

Standards in telecommunication
Digital telephony networks PCM ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

D channel
DSS1 layer 3 protocol

5 | 54

Communication Systems
History of telephony networks

Traditional analogous telephony networks

1848: State Telegraphy System in Prussia (Siemens) 1851: First trans-sea cable between Dover and Calais 1858: Transatlantic line-based telegraphy between Europe and America 1866: Durable transatlantic cable 1876: Bell patents the phone (Reiss in Germany)

1880: 50.000 participants in US phone network

1881: Berlin opens the first Fernsprechamt

6 | 54

Communication Systems
History of wireless information networks

Wireless signal transmission

Morse codes transmitted by radio (Marconi) 1901: Radio-based telegraphy between Europe and the US 1914: Introducing the teletype/telex system 1915: Wireless telephony NY San Francisco 1920: First public radio transmission in Knigs-Wusterhausen 1923: Start of entertaining radio in Berlin

1929: First radio-based TV transmission (Funkausstellung in Berlin)

1935: First regular public TV transmissions in Berlin

7 | 54

Communication Systems
development of telephony equipment

Traditional analogous telephony networks provides most of the standards (partly) in use up to now

Bi-directional voice channel Bandwidth to carry voice around 300Hz - 3,4kHz just the characteristics of the end user devices and their microphones and earpieces You could hook up the old mid-thirties or sixties telephone set to your wall socket of your telephony provider or your private telephone installation End devices are power supplied by the telephone exchange, so the devices independent of local sources

8 | 54

Communication Systems
development of telephony equipment

Local loop connection of the end uses device to the telephony exchange

Device is without power when hook on cradle Call information is signalled with 65V alternating current

When off-hook power supplied at around 60V by a current of 20 40mA

Dial plate cuts the local loop for well defined periods to indicate dial information (~60ms cut, ~40ms closed in between try to dial via cradle system is rather robust in detection :-))

9 | 54

Communication Systems
line switching

End systems has to be connected somehow to each other

In the early beginnings manual switch boards (you know the pictures of old films with young ladies called operators plugging wires to connect subscribers :-))

around 1974

10 | 54

Communication Systems
line switching

Switch boards

first direct-dial switch boards appeared around 1900 used in local area nets first and from around 1920 for long distance calls dial plates (digits 1 9, 0) where added to the telephone device using special relay boards with contacts for each dialed digit system operated directly controlled until around 1960s

11 | 54

Communication Systems
line switching and signalling

Early phones used a hand generator to signal assistance by the operator at the switch board Now: Identification of each end device through numerical ID composed of digits from decade system

dial plates (digits 1 9, 0) where added to the telephone device

12 | 54

Communication Systems
automated line switching

Switch boards - routers in the telephony world

major drawbacks of this concept route of the call is fixed

every dialed digit switches the next relay in the switching network the (long distance) line was already occupied during call setup

Next step was introduction of indirectly operated switching networks middle of the fifties

Before routing setup the dial information was collected and then processed

13 | 54

Communication Systems
line switching

Analogous electronic switching networks appeared with the beginning of the 1970s

allowed new type of dial indication

DTMF dual tone multi frequency was introduced for dial information

Inband signalling pulse dial information has to be transported via copper wires and require rather high currents puls dialing impossible over very long distances (resistor capacity of wire) and wireless transmission major speedup for dialing

14 | 54

Communication Systems
DTMF

voice frequency band to the call switching center frequencies selected in a way that no clash with normal voice multifrequency shift keying (MFSK)

15 | 54

Communication Systems
DTMF signalling

Still in use on analogous lines and for signalling e.g. on voice menu systems digital equipment uses out-of-band Special codes for signalling other data (e.g. Pay card identification) and for cost signalling between switching centres Some people were able to produce the needed frequencies to switch off payment or setup special connections (no cost, used by Telcos for maintenance) Hacking/Cracking started not with computer networks but with automated telephony equipment challenge of the 70s was to setup routes around the globe to call someone other in the same city (and enjoy the delay because of the huge distances)
16 | 54

Communication Systems
telephony protocol

Key dials were introduced to telephones special optimized layout (in contradiction to keyboard layout used today) So we have a well known protocol of analogous telephony connection

17 | 54

Communication Systems
Protocol of analogous telephony connection

18 | 54

Communication Systems
standards in telecommunication

But in telephony world mostly not talked on protocols but interfaces Interfaces are well-defined connection points where different parts of the infrastructure/equipment talk to each other in a certain way International standardization body is ITU (International Telecommunication Union www.itu.int) Process of standardization completely different to the workflows in Internet bodies

No bottom up, but top down decisions Exclusive club of the big (state monopoly) Telcos

High annual fees

19 | 54

Communication Systems
standards in telecommunication

Because of the old (nation state) monopolies there are many differences within the several networks

Numbering schemes Acoustical indication of dial states (busy, line-free, ...)

Different use, assignment of the (wireless) frequency spectrum

Not really compatible equipment (branch exchanges, ...) every firm tries to use their own subset of standards

With the introduction of digital networks (ISDN and mobile) agreement on global standards started

20 | 54

Communication Systems
standards in telecommunication

Inter connecting of voice streams has lots of technical problems Up to 1980s computerized switching centers but analogous voice connections

Fault-prone to jamming and noise

Regeneration means amplification of noise too

Allow data connections over telephony networks Next step: Fully computerized switching centers

out of band signaling of call setup digital voice streams allow better/perfect regeneration

21 | 54

Communication Systems
digital telephony networks - PCM

Analogous signal

Continuous in time and value domain Characterized by amplitude (signal strength) and frequency Bandwidth in telephony networks 300Hz - 3,4kHz

22 | 54

Communication Systems
digital telephony networks - PCM

Sampling of a signal

Rate at least twice the max frequency of analogous signal (Nyquest theorem)

2* fmaxb = 2*3,4kHz = 6,8kHz

Internationally the sample frequency was agreed on fSample=8kHz=8000Hz=8000/s

We get a sample period of T=1/f=1/8000=125s

23 | 54

Communication Systems
digital telephony networks - PCM

Analogous signal

Continuous in value domain Has to be translated into discrete values

A/D convertor quantizes the signal

Splitting the value domain into equal intervals Every measured value is approximated and assigned to one of the defined intervals

24 | 54

Communication Systems
digital telephony networks - PCM

PCM defines 128 different levels for positive and 128 negative amplitude of the signal thus resolution is 256 bit Sample rate is 8000 per second so we get 8000 Byte per second and a bit stream of 64kbit/s So we have the B channel bandwidth for ISDN ...
25 | 54

Communication Systems
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

The development of digital switching networks led to standardization and integration of additional services into the same network

three virtual multiplex channels over the same two wire infrastructure digital telephony (two independent lines on basic rate interface) fax, telex

video telephony (H.323 devices may use ISDN as transport layer for their applications)
data communication of 64 or 128kbit/s

26 | 54

Communication Systems
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

Prerequisite for ISDN was digitalized infrastructure The ISDN standard was defined in the early 1980s by the ITU

several national standards evolved, 1TR6 in Germany, NI-1/2 in United States, DACS in UK, ... DSS1 is the EURO-ISDN used in many other countries too available from 1993 EURO ISDN was defined by the new founded ETSI (European Telecommunication Standards Institute in 1988)

27 | 54

Communication Systems
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

ISDN is commonly used in all European countries since 2000

all switching centers use ISDN backends so called analogous telephony devices (POTS plain old telephony service) are converted to digital service at the local switching center 50% of the European BRI connections are in Germany Germany has a 30% worldwide share

28 | 54

Communication Systems
ISDN and the OSI protocol stack (mostly D channel)

29 | 54

Communication Systems
ISDN Basic Rate Interface

BRI provides a total data rate of 160kbit/s

standard end user connection 2 B channels (bearer - for data, digitized voice, ...) of 64kbit/s each

1 D channel (data channel for out-of-band signaling) of 16kbit/s

synchronization of 16kbit/s

30 | 54

Communication Systems
ISDN Basic Rate Interface

Physical layer specifications of the Uk0

Operates over two-wire cable up to 5 km (depending on cable diameter and quality) Switching center provides a 90V current to power the NTBA and one device (emergency function to be independent on local power supply for at least one telephone) Other physical layer specifications for alternate U interfaces

31 | 54

Communication Systems
ISDN Basic Rate Interface

BRI network termination is defined by the Uk0 interface

a special encoding (4B3T) is used: 4 bit digital to 3 baud ternary 4B3T is a "block code" that uses Return-to-Zero states

allows reduction of symbol rate to 120 kBaud (th) and thus distances up to 8km
reduction of low frequencies in the signal spectrum better detection of code errors three states: negative pulse, no pulse, positive pulse

32 | 54

Communication Systems
ISDN Basic Rate Interface

next state (S1 - S4) to be transmitted is indicated in column labled Go

33 | 54

Communication Systems
ISDN Basic Rate Interface

Alternate encoding: 2B1Q 2 bit digital to 1 baud quaternary representation 2B1Q transmission can be simply described as an amplitude modulation scheme for DC pulses Ordering of data blocks depends on the encoding used

Bits 00 01 10 11

Voltage -2,50 -0,83 2,50 0,83

34 | 54

Communication Systems
Uk0 bit streams from switching center to NTBA

Each frame consists of 120 ternary steps

2*B+1*D takes 108 steps in 4 ternary blocks (tb) with 27 steps each Sync channel occupies 11 steps and a maintenance channel (mc) 1 step

35 | 54

Communication Systems
Uk0 bit streams from NTBA to switching center

Connection is full-duplex over the two wires

Echo compensation and terminating set is needed NTBA splits the data streams to separate up and down onto the S0 bus

36 | 54

Communication Systems
ISDN Basic Rate Interface

Instead of the traditional wall socket a NTBA (network terminal base adapter) is needed at end users site NTBA provides the S0 bus to which end user devices are connected

Unidirectional on pair of wires for each direction

Allows up to 12 wall sockets, 8 ISDN devices (or analogous devices via a/b converter) Provides device power up to 4,5W

37 | 54

Communication Systems
ISDN S0

Provides the same B and D channels as Uk0

Maintains the step and octet frequency Handles the device plugging and device activation, deactivation

Has to be terminates with resistors of 110 Ohm

Uses modified AMI code with currents of -0,75 and 0,75V

38 | 54

Communication Systems
S0 AMI code

Modified AMI code (avoid long sequences of symbols of the same type)

39 | 54

Communication Systems
data link layer for the D channel

No distinct layering for B channels PCM or data directly put into frames as shown on previous slides LAPD Link Access Procedure on D channel

Derived from High-Level Data Link Control Protokoll (HDLC)

Broadcasts only for network termination device

D2 frame margin octet of binary pattern: 01111110 Keeping of frame sequence Error discovery Multiplexing of more than one logical D2 connections Flow control

40 | 54

Communication Systems
higher layer protocols for the D channel

ITU Recommendation Q.921

41 | 54

Communication Systems
layer 2 for the D channel

Flag

character is part of the Header information, hexadecimal 7E

Address is two bytes (octets) long, and consists of three fields

Service Access Point Identifier (SAPI)

Command/Response (C/R) bit Terminal Endpoint Identifier (TEI)

42 | 54

Communication Systems
layer 2 for the D channel

Control one or two octets (bytes) in length, indicates one of three frame formats

Information Supervisory

Unnumbered
It may carry Unnumbered Information data (TEI assignment) or XID (Connection Management/parameter negotiation) information

Information carries Layer 3 Call Control (Q.931) data

43 | 54

Communication Systems
data link layer for the D channel

Protocol handles the TEI (Terminal Endpoint Identifier) allocation

All devices on S0 using the same bus and have to be addressable

TEI assignment is started by the connected devices after successful initialization of physical layer synchronization
Non automatic assignment uses ID0 63, automatic 64 126 There is a special group TEI 127 information lowermost bit is set to 0

Protocol elements

44 | 54

Communication Systems
data link layer for the D channel

Protocol elements

Receive Ready - (01) Set Asyncronous Balance Mode Extended - (6F/7F) Unnumbered Information - (03) Disconnect - (43/53) Unnumbered Acknowledgement (63/73)

Flow control uses sequence numbers for sending and receiving 00:E1:04:00:... Octets #4 for sending and #5 for receiving in the information frame
45 | 54

Communication Systems
data link layer for the D channel error detection

D channel protocol uses rather sophisticated error detection protocol Generates frame checksums Generator polynom
g(x) = (x +1)(x15+x14+x13+x12+x4+x2+x +1)
g(x) = x16+x12+x5+1

16 bit frame checksum Inverted residue of binary division

p1(x) = xk (x15+x14+...+x2+x +1) p2(x) = x16d(x)

46 | 54

Communication Systems
data link layer for the D channel error detection

Checking for added or lost binary zeros Thus cyclic Hamming codes implemented Error detection for one, two and three bit error

47 | 54

Communication Systems
network layer for the D channel

DSS1 protocol handels the call setup of the calling and called site Call destruction after finishing the session Restaring and parking if required Error handling

48 | 54

Communication Systems
DSS1 layer 3 protocol

Protocol Discriminator

part of the Layer 3 header information single byte (octet) that is usually set to a value of 00001000 (hexadecimal "08") - meaning Q.931 call maintenance

Reference Value consists of either two or three bytes (octets)

BRI systems have a 7-bit Call Reference value (127 references)

no particular end-to-end significance Either end can assign an arbitrary value used to associate messages with a particulary channel connection
49 | 54

Communication Systems
DSS1 layer 3 protocol

Message Type single byte (octet) that indicates what type of message is being sent/received

50 | 54

Communication Systems
DSS1 layer 3 protocol message types

Message Type four categories Call Establishment

Call Information
Call Clearing Miscellaneous

51 | 54

Communication Systems
DSS1 layer 3 protocol information elements

Each type of message has Mandatory and Optional Information Elements, identified with single byte (octet)

Bearer Capability (identifies transport requirements of the requested B-Channel) Cause (identifies reasons for disconnect or incomplete calls) Channel Identification (indentifies type and number of BChannel(s) requested) Progress Indicator (Indicates status of outgoing call)

52 | 54

Communication Systems
DSS1 layer 3 protocol information elements

Network Specific Facilities (Useful for North American PRI calls - identifies network type, Carrier ID, Carrier Service Type[WATS/SDN/ASDS,etc.])

Calling Party Number (caller ID)

Calling Party Number subaddress Called Party Number (destination number, type of number[unknown], numbering plan) Called Party Number subaddress

When Information Elements consist of multiple octets, the following octet describes how many bytes (octets) are in the Information Element
53 | 54

Communication Systems
literature on telephony networks

Have a nice holiday week! E. Pehl, Digitale und analoge Datenbertragung http://www.ks.unifreiburg.de/php_termindetails.php?id=180 ...

54 | 54