Turkey-EU relationships

By Muhammet Batuhan akar Hakan Akay Hakan Vens Trkolu Harun Can ankal 30.11.2011

 A family of 27 European countries Shared values: liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law. Largest economic body in the world.

What is the EU ?

Worlds most successful model for advancing peace and democracy.

What is the EU ?
A unique institution Member States voluntarily cede national sovereignty in many areas to carry out common policies and governance.
Not a super-state to replace existing states, nor just an organization for international cooperation. Worlds most open market for goods and commodities from developing countries.

The Origins The old dream of European brotherhood From enemies to Family From war to peace

CAP Common Agricultural Policy

Sustainablility Food Quality Animal Welfare Food Safety Control Farmers welfare/incomes Employment in agriculture

Agriculture

Fisheries
CFP Common Fisheries Policy
Conservation of fish stocks Aid to fishing industry to cope with changing circumstances Monitor supply and demand for fish Negotiate with non-EU members on fishing issues

Economics

Euro monitor introduction and development

Tax Harmonisation reduce differentials in tax regimes throughout the single market to aid competition and

The euro was introduced in 1999

Social Cohesion
Created in 1957, the ESF is the European Unions main tool for the development of human resources and the improvement of the workings of the labour market.

Social Cohesion
The ESF, like all Structural Funds, is decentralised in the Member States who are responsible for its implementation and use.

Requirements for Joining to EU

Determined by Copenhagen Criteria

-Democracy

- Rule of Law

Turkey
1.

Area:
780,580 km2

2.

Boundaries
Total: 2,648 km Border countries: Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 352 km, Syria 822 km

3.

Coastline:
7200 km

4.

Climate:
Temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior.

I. Geography

II. Republic of Turkey and its Demography

Official Name: Republic of Turkey Capital: Ankara Government Type: Republican Parliamentary Democracy Independence: 29 October 1923

Flag:

II. Republic of Turkey and its Demography

Population
73.722.988

Population Growth Rate

1,13 % Age Breakdown
6%

26%

66 %

0-14

15-64

65+

II. Republic of Turkey and its Demography

Ethnic Groups
Turkish: % 84
Kurdish: % 14 Arabic: % 1 Jewish: % 1 Greek: % 0,5

Religions

Muslim: % 99,8
Others (mostly
Christians and Jews):

%0,2

Advantages for Turkey

Economical Gross national product and exporting increase Enflation and unemployment decrease Protect person, service, property and capital

Advantages for Turkey

Socia-Cultural Ethnocentrism decline Fair legal system Going abroad easily for: - Travel - Study - Work

Advantages for Turkey

Education and Science Taking education in other countries Easily information transfer Develop scientific research program

Disadvantages for Turkey

Cultural Assimilation Losing own culture: - customs and tradition - cuisine culture Language assimilation

Disadvantages for Turkey

BRAIN DRAIN

Brain Drain

Relations Between Turkey and the European Union

Turkey EU association relations date back to the signing of the Ankara Agreement in 1963. The main aim of these relations has always been Turkeys eventual full membership to the EU. One of the most important turning points of Turkey EU relations is the completion of the Customs Union as of January 1, 1996. Customs Union, not only helped Turkey to harmonize with the EU norms in the areas covered by this relationship, but also brought a new impetus to these relations with an even stronger perspective for membership.

Clearly nothing new

Feb. 1952: Turkey becomes a full member of NATO Sept. 1959: Ankara applies for associate membership of the European Economic Community

July 1974: Turkey invades Cyprus.

April 1987: Turkey applies for full EEC membership.

 Dec. 1999: EU Helsinki Council decides on the candidate status of Turkey. March 2001: The Turkish government adopts the National Program of Turkey for the adoption of EU laws. 17 Dec. 2004: European Council decided to open accession negotiations with Turkey on 3 October 2005

3 Oct. 2005: Accession talks symbolically opened with Turkey.

23 Jan. 2006: Council decides on the principles, priorities and conditions contained in the Accession Partnership. 12 June 2006: The EU starts concrete accession negotiations with Turkey

 9 Nov. 2006: The Commission recommended to partially suspend membership negotiations with Turkey due to lack of progress on the Cyprus issue.

22 July 2007: Erdogan's ruling AKP gets re-elected with 47%

6 Nov. : The Commission recommended not to begin further negotiations on matters of justice and basic rights as long as Turkish criminal law is not reformed. The negotiation process is said to be open-ended. Negotiations are expected to take at least 10-15 years.

Economy of Turkey
1. 2. 3. GDP:
$1.116 billion

GDP per capital

$15.340

GDP growth rate

%9

4.
5. 6. 7.

Population below poverty line

17.11%

Unemployment rate
12 %

Currency
Turkish Lira: [TL]

Exchange Rates
1 $ = 1, 1,81 TL 1 = 2,45 TL

VI. Economy
8. Budget
Revenues: 66.79 billion Expenditures: 93.31 billion

9.

Industries:
textiles, food processing, autos, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper

10. Industrial Production Growth Rate:

13.1 %

VI. Economy
Exports / Imports
1.

Exports
$143.93 billion

2.

Export Commodities
Apparel, foodstuffs, textiles, metal manufactures, transport equipment

3.

Export Partners
Germany 9.6%, France 6.1% UK 5.8%, Italy 5.8%,Iraq 5%,

4.

Imports
$235.49 billion

5.

Import Commodities
Machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport equipment

6.

Import Partners
Russia 14%,Germany 10%,China 9%, US 6.1%, Italy 5.4%,France 5%

Some basic facts of the Turkish Economy

Turk is h re al GDP grow th annual pe r ce ntage rate s

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2000 -2 -4 -6 -8 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 9.30 8.39 6.78 6.09 5.22 4.68 3.4 6.90

0.89

-5.65 -6.5

Inflation

Turk is h inflation annual pe r ce ntage rate s

60 54.92 54.40

50 44.96

40

30 21.60 20 10.44 6.25 6.7

10

8.60

8.18

9.60

8.76

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Exchange rate

Exchange rate Turk is h lira pe r US dollar

1.80 1.66 1.60 1.45 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 1.40 1.42 1.35 1.35 1.17 1.54 1.50 1.49

0.67

Fiscal deficit

Turk is h public fis cal de ficit pe r ce ntage s hare of GDP

0 2000 -2 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 -1.25 2006 -0.61 2007 -1.63 2008 -1.80 2009 2010

-4 -5.15 -6.61 -8 -7.71 -8.84 -10

-6

-5.42

-12

-11.89

-11.44

-14

Interest rates

Turk is h inte re s t rate s

80

74.70

70 60 50.49 50 40 47.16 37.68

30 20

24.26 20.40

21.65

22.56

22.91 17.60 14.32

10 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 long-run 2007 2008 2009 2010

short-run

VI. Economy

FDI in Turkey
Turkey is the 15th most attractive destination for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the world (UNCTAD World Investment Prospects Survey, 2008-2010).

VI. Economy
Number of Companies with International Capital As of the end of 2010, more than 25,800 companies with foreign capital were operating in Turkey. Two-thirds of them were established in the last seven years. Number of Companies with International Capital (Cumulative, in thousands)

Customs Union: What trade figures show

Turkeys imports from the EU15 199516.8 million $ 199623.1 million $ 200026.6 million $ 200545.3 million $ Turkeys exports to the EU15 199511.1 million $ 199611.5 million $ 200014,5 million $ 200535.8 million $

Customs Union: What trade figures do not show

Customs Union contributed to the modernization of production patterns and increased consumer awareness. Customs Union formed the framework for the works to increase competitiveness both internally and internationally. Turkish industry entered into a strong competition with EU firms not only at European level but in domestic markets. The legal and regulatory changes made to harmonize with the EU technical legislation and standards helped Turkish products to reach international markets more easily.

Customs Union: What trade figures do not show

The Customs Union is established with the aim of Turkeys EU membership The whole body of the modalities of the CU system has been drawn with this aim. For this reason, the CU between Turkey and the EU contains a deep and comprising understanding of integration.

The EU and Turkey

AN ANALYSIS IN MEDIA AND WESTERN VALUES

 Giscard dEstaing suggested that admitting Turkey to the EU would be the end of the European Union because its capital is not in Europe and 95 percent of its population live outside Europe. It is not a European country.

A number of different ways of looking at both the EU and Turkey began to populate media discourse
EU as a: Christian club political and economic union democratic union Turkey as a: Muslim country Secular and democratic country In Asia
If the EU was a union of European countries, how could it admit a country that was neither in Europe geographically nor European culturally?

But what then is Europe?

The meaning of Europe has shifted considerably over the last 500 years or more and has never been fixed.

What and where is Europe? and What does it mean to be a European?become more than simply idle enquiries.

Define and characterize Europe Problems: Different meanings that Europe has for different members of the EU Different countries have different histories and experiences that can lead to widely differing perspectives. In an age where individuals can have multiple local, regional and national identities, it may be difficult for there to be a single overarching European identity. Role of media.

A loss of coherence? Though Turks may have succeeded in establishing their credentials as a westernized and a modernized society. . . Among Europeans, however, there has remained the sense that Turkey is not authentically of the West; the sense that it is alien, an outsider, an interloper in the European community (1) A desire to belong A recurring drama (AKP, Adultery Law) (2)
1. Robins, K. (1996) Interrupting Identities: Turkey/Europe, pp. 6186 inS. Hall and P. du Gay (eds) Questions of Cultural Identity. London: Sage. 2. Christensen, C. (2005) Pocketbooks or Prayer Beads? US/UK Newspaper Coverage of the 2002 Turkish Elections, Press/Politics10(1): 109-29.

Media analysis in 4 countries in 2004

France:
Liberation, Le Figaro and Le Monde

Britain:
The Guardian, The Daily Telegraph and Daily Mail

Greece:
Eleftherotypia, Kathimeriniand and Ta Nea

Turkey:
Hurriyet, Zaman and Radikal

Media analysis in 4 countries in 2004. What does Europe think?

France:
Liberation, Le Figaro and Le Monde

Britain:
The Guardian, The Daily Telegraph and Daily Mail

Greece:
Eleftherotypia, Kathimeriniand and Ta Nea

Turkey:
Hurriyet, Zaman and Radikal

This is basically the strongest reason

Does this mean that a common EU outlook does not exist or that it cannot exist? Does this signify that a European public sphere is unlikely to emerge or that a common European identity is never likely to be forged?

facts point away from European commoness some basic understandings and recognitions might begin to emerge.

3. Delanty, G. (2005) What Does it Mean to be a European?, Innovations: Interdisciplinary Centre for Comparative Research in the Social Sciences 18: 11-22. 4. Bruter, M. (2005) Citizens of Europe?Basingstoke: Palgrave.

 Even the discussion on Turkeys bid to join the EU can be seen as a positive step towards defining the nature of Europe and its future trajectory and, the importance of difference in this 21st century.

EU accession
The earliest date that Turkey could enter the EU is 2013, the date when the next financial perspectives (the EU's six year budgetary perspectives) will come into force. Ankara is currently aiming to comply with EU law by this date, but Brussels has refused to back 2013 as a deadline In 2006 European Commission President Jos Manuel Barroso said that the accession process will take at least until 2021. Question: What is the current assessment of you?

Pros
Proponents of Turkey's membership argue that it is a key regional power with a large economy and the second largest military force of NATO. That might enhance the EU's position as a global geostrategic player; given Turkey's geographic location and economic, political, cultural and historic ties in regions with large natural resources that are at the immediate vicinity of the EU's geopolitical sphere of influence; such as the East Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts, the Middle East, the Caspian Sea basin and Central Asia. Question: What is your view on these considerations?

Cons
Censorship and Article 301 Women rights Treatment of ethnic minorities (Kurds, etc.) Unsolved conflicts with Greece over Cyprus Azerbaijan issue
Question: What is your view on these considerations?

Cons
Upon joining the EU, Turkey's 71 million inhabitants would bestow the second largest number of Member of the European Parliament. Demographic projections indicate that Turkey would surpass Germany in the number of seats by 2020. This would change the nature of the EU fundamentally, i.e. in religion Christian-Islamic-Mix and culturally with regard to values. Question: What is your view on these considerations?

Vanishing enthusiasm in Turkey: The opening of membership talks with the EU in December 2004 was celebrated by Turkey with much fanfare, but the Turkish populace has become increasingly skeptical as negotiations are delayed based on what it views as lukewarm support for its accession to the EU and alleged double standards in its negotiations particularly with regard to the French and Austrian referendums. A mid-2006 Eurobarometer survey revealed that 43% of Turkish citizens view the EU positively; just 35% trust the EU, 45% support enlargement and just 29% support an EU constitution.

European Union is not only one way for Turkey

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