CHEMISTRY:

Exploring Life Through Science

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Unit 2: Chapter 4
ATOMIC STRUCTURE

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INTRODUCTION The oxygen molecules, 0, in the stratosphere play an important role in preventing high-energy ultraviolent (UV) radiation from reaching the earths surface. This radiation energy can supply the energy necessary to break the covalent bonds between oxygen atoms in oxygen molecules. Ozone is formed when an electric spark passes through oxygen gas. Because ozone is a very powerful oxidizing agent, it is considered a pollutant in the lower atmosphere, but in the stratosphere, it performs the important function of absorbing the potentially harmfully UV radiation.
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Matter

made up of atoms are described in terms of are described by Electrical nature Radioactivity Subatomic Particle

governed by

Law of conversation of mass Law of definite proportions Law of multiple proportions

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Table 4-1 PROPERTIES OF THE SUBATOMIC PARTICLES Particles Symbols Charges Mass (g) Mass Relative to Protein

electron

-1

9.110x10

1/1,837

Proton

+1

1.672x10

neutron

1.675x10

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Table 4-2 The Subatomic Particles of Some Elements Atomic Number 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 26 79 Atomic Mass 7 9 11 12 14 16 19 19 56 197 Number of e 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 26 79 Number of p 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 26 79 Number of n 4 5 6 6 7 8 10 30 30 118

Name of Element Lithium Beryllium Baron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Iron Gold

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1.Ions and Isotopes

So far have described the electrically neutral atoms. If neutral, then it is understood that they do not have charge. Atoms, however, can have electrical charges. Some atoms can either gain or lose electrons; the number of positively charged protons, though, never changes in an atoms. If an atom gains electrons, the atom becomes negatively charged. If the atom loses electrons, the atom becomes positivity charges because then, the number of positivity charged protons will exceed the number of electron.

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H: a positively Charged hydrogen ion

H: a hydrogen atom

H. a negatively Charged hydrogen ion

Neither the number of protons nor neutrons changes in any of these ions. Therefore, both the atomic number and the atomic mass remain the same.

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Table 4-3

Some Monatomic Ions

Name
Sodium Potassium Calcium

Table 4-4

Some Polyatomic Ions

Name
Ammonium Hydroxide Cyanide

Formula
Na K Ca

Formula
NH OH CN

Magnesium
Aluminum Hydride Chloride Chloride Sulfide Nitride

Mg
Al H Cl O S N

Chromate
Dichromate Nitrite Sulfite Phosphate Carbonate Bicarbonate

CrO
CrO NO SO PO CO HCO

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An ion composed of only one atom is called a monatomic ion, while an ion composed of more than one atom is called a polyatomic ion. While the number of protons for a given atom never changes, the number of neutrons can change. Two atoms with the same atomic number but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.

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For example, an isotope of hydrogen exists in which the atom contains one neutron, commonly called deuterium. Three isotopes of hydrogen:

Protium Atomic Mass = 1 Atomic Number= 1 Neutrons = 0

Deuterium Atomic Mass = 2 Atomic Number = 1 Neutrons = 1

Tritium Atomic Mass = 3 Atomic Number = 1 Neutrons = 2

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