ECE 1231 Electronics

Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering International Islamic University Malaysia

Chapter 1 Prologue to Electronics

Definitions

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Electronics is the art and science of directing electrons or charges to do work. Each electronic component performs a specific function such as to amplify, to filter.. etc Connections of several electronic components in a loop form an electric circuit
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Importance

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We are currently living in what is known as the Information Age. The advances that we made in the areas of Communications and Computers are largely due to ELECTRONICS! Electronics is perhaps present everywhere around us. For example, a single individual carries several electronic gadgets such as a wrist-watch, cell-phone, PDA, laptop.. etc
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Electronic Systems

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Electronic systems are composed of subsystems or functional blocks.

These functional blocks can be categorized as follows:
Amplifiers: increase the power level of weak signals. Filters: separate desired signals from undesired signals . Signal Sources: generate waveforms. Wave-Shaping Circuits: change one waveform into another. Digital Logic Functions: process digital signals. Power Supplies: provide necessary dc power to functional blocks. Converters: change signals from analog form to digital or vice versa.

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Electronic-System Block Diagrams

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Block diagram of a simple electronic system: an AM radio

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System Design
Typical flowchart for design of electronic systems

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Circuit Design
Flowchart of the circuit-design process

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Brief History
The development of the transistor and the integrated circuit has led to remarkable electronic capabilities. In December 1947 First transistor was demonstrated at Bell Telephone Laboratories by William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain.

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Brief History
In September 1958 First integrated circuit fabricated in germanium was demonstrated at Texas Instruments by Jack Kilby. At about the same time, Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor introduced the integrated circuit in silicon. Integrated Circuits is a novel technology where not only active devices such as transistors can be fabricated on silicon, resistors and capacitors can be fabricated on the same substrate. Now MANY components can be fit on the same wafer. Electronics

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Brief History
Integrated Circuits is a novel technology where not only active devices such as transistors can be fabricated on silicon, resistors and capacitors can be fabricated on the same substrate. Now MANY components can be fit on the same wafer.

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Brief History

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The development of the IC continued at a rapid through the 1960s. Today, an IC can contain arithmetic, logic and memory functions on a single semiconductor chip. Microelectronics science of manufacturing micron sized electronics

1958 First silicon transistor by Robert Noyce Electronics

1981 - Intel 8088 Microprocessor 29 000 transistors

2008 Intels Nano Atom 5 mm x 5 mm 47 million transistors

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Electronic Components

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Passive Devices
NO Power required Ex: Resistors, capacitors and inductors.

Active Devices
Require Power Ex: Amplifier, diodes, power supplies, batteries and ac signal generators.
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Passive Devices
Capacitor

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Capacitor

Resistor

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Active Component : Diode

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Active Component : BJT

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Electronic Circuits
In most electronic circuits

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There are two inputs. One input is from a power supply that provides dc voltages and currents to establish the proper biasing for the transistor. The second input is a signal that can be amplified by the circuit.

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The output signal can be larger than the input signal. The output power can never exceed the dc input power.

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Discrete and Integrated Circuits

Discrete Circuits Circuits that contain discrete components, such as resistor, capacitors and transistors. Integrated Circuits Circuits that are the building blocks of IC. For example, circuits that make up the operational amplifier, an important IC in analog electronics. Various logic circuits used in digital ICs.

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Analog and Digital Signals

Analog Signals
The magnitude of an analog signal may have any value. The amplitude may vary continuously with respect to time. Electronic circuits that process such signals are called analog circuits. An alternative signal is at one of two distinct levels and is called a digital signal. The digital signal has discrete values, it is said to be quantized. Electronic circuits that process digital signals are called digital circuits.

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Digital Signals

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Notation

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A lowercase letter with an uppercase subscript indicates a total instantaneous value. An uppercase letter with an uppercase subscript indicates a dc quantity. A lowercase letter with a lowercase subscript indicates an instantaneous value of a timevarying signals. An uppercase letter with a lowercase subscript indicates a phasor quantity.

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Notation

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