Chapter 5 Applications of

Newtons Law
Sec. 5-1 Force Laws
Sec. 5-2 Tension and normal forces
Sec. 5-3 Friction forces
Sec. 5-4 The dynamics of uniform circular motion
Sec. 5-5 Time-dependent force
Sec. 5-6 Noninertial frames and pseudoforces
Sec. 5-7 Limitations of Newtons law

{


Sec. 5-1 Force Laws
Physicists have traditionally identified four
basic forces:
(1) the gravitational force
(2) the electromagnetic force
(3) the weak nuclear force, which causes
certain radioactive decay processes and
certain reactions among the fundamental
particles.
(4) the strong force, which operates among
the fundamental particles and is responsible
for binding the nucleus together.
Two protons in typical nucleus, for example, the
relative strength of these forces would be:
strong (relative strength = );
electromagnetic( );
weak ( ); gravitational ( ).

2
10

38
10

9
10

1
In fact, everything we study about ordinary
mechanical systems involves only two force:
gravity and electromagnetism.
{
Tension forces
Friction forces
Normal forces
Sec. 5-2 Tension and normal forces
()
(1) Tension force (such as in a stretched rope or
string), arises because each small element of the
string pulls on the element next to it.

m
If the mass of the rope is negligible, the values of
the force exerted on the two ends of the rope must
be nearly equal to each other.
(2) Normal force : Just like tension force,
the normal force is also contact force.
Both tension and normal forces originate
with the atoms of each body --- each atom
exerts a force on its neighbor. They belong
to electromagnetic forces.

' N

5-7 In a system, a block (of mass m

1
=
9.5 Kg) slides on a frictionless plane
inclined at an angle . The block is
attached by a string to a second block (of
mass m
2
=2.6 Kg). The system is released
from rest. Find the acceleration of the
blocks and the tension in the string.
Sample problem:
34 u =
m2
Sec. 5-3 Friction forces

Friction is the force that opposes () the
relative motion or the trend of relative motion of
two solid surfaces in contact
Friction
static friction
kinetic friction
sliding friction
rolling friction

1) The forces of static friction ()
The frictional forces acting between surfaces at
rest with respect to each other.
The maximum force of static friction will be the same as
the smallest applied forces necessary to start motion.
Fig 5-12 Friction force
f
sMax
rest moving
Friction force can be measured by following expt.
k
f

s
f

The maximum force of static friction

between any pair of dry unlubricated surface
follows these two empirical laws :
(1) It is approximately independent of the area of
contact surfaces.
(2) It is proportional to the normal force
(5-7)
where N the magnitude of the normal force,
the coefficient of static friction,
the maximum force of static friction.
s

s s
Max
f N =
s
Max
f

s
Max
f
s s
Max
f f s
2)The force of kinetic friction(,
):
(5-8)
where is the coefficient of kinetic friction.
N f
k k
=
k

k s
>
s

Usually, for a given pair of surfaces .

The actual value of and depend on
the nature of both the surfaces in contact.
Surface
Rubber on dry
concrete
1.0 0.8
Glass on glass 0.9 ~ 1.0 0.4
Steel on steel 0.6 0.6
Wood on wood 0.25 ~ 0.5 0.2
Waxed wood ski
on dry snow
0.04 0.004
s

Table 5-1 some representative values of and .

k

Sample problem:
5-10 Repeat Sample Problem 5-7, taking
into account a frictional force between block
1 (m
1
) and the plane. Use the values
=0.24 and =0.15. Find the acceleration of
the blocks and the tension in the string.

s

m2
m1 = 9.5 Kg
m2=2.6 Kg
34 u =
Sec. 5-4 The dynamics of uniform
circular motion
1) The conical pendulum()

mg
m
T
u
L
m

v
R
u
Fig 5-18
Fig 5-18 shows a conical pendulum, as the mass m
is revolving in a horizontal circle with constant
speed v, the string L sweeps over the surface of an
imaginary cone.


Can we find the period of the motion?
) sin L R ( u =
mg T = u cos
R mv ma T
r
/ sin
2
= = u
(5-12)
(5-13)

If we let t represent the time for one complete
revolution of the body, then


t is called the period of motion.
u tan Rg v =
g
L
g
R
v
R
t
u
t
u
t
t cos
2
tan
2
2
= = =
2) The banked curve
Let the block in Fig 5-
20 represent an
automobile or railway
car moving at constant
speed v on a level
roadbed around a
curve having a radius
of curvature R.
Fig 5-20
-
c
R

v
Where does the centripetal force come from?
a): sidewise frictional
force exerted by the
road on the tires.
R mv N / sin
2
= u
a)
b)
b):
mg N = u cos
Rg v / tan
2
= u
u
Example 1
Example 2
See /
/2-02
.exe 3
Problem:
A child whirls a stone in a horizontal
circle 1.9 m above the ground by means of
a string 1.4 m long. The string breaks, and
the stone flies off horizontally, striking the
ground 11m away. What was the centripetal
acceleration of the stone while in circular
motion?
Sec. 5-5 Time-dependent force
For simplicity, we assume here that the
forces and the motion are in one dimension,
which we take to be the x direction. Then

(5-18)

dt
dv
m ma(t) (t) F
x
= =
dt
m
t F
dv
x
x
) (
=
If the forces are dependent on time, we can
still use Newtons laws to analyze the motion.
x
v
0
dt
m
t F
dv
t
x
v
v
x
x
x
} }
=
0
) (
0
}
+ =
t
x x
dt t F
m
v t v
0
0
) (
1
) (
}
=
t
x x
F(t)dt
m
v v
0
0
1
x
v
(5-19)
where is initial velocity, is the velocity at
time t.
If is a constant, Eqs. 19 and 20 will reduce to the
formula we obtained for const. acceleration motion.
x
F
}
+ =
t
x
dt t v x t x
0
0
) ( ) (
(5-20)
In the same way with , we have
dt
dx
v
x
=
or
Discussion
Basic concepts in kinematic motion: t , r v a

, ,
How about the motion if the acceleration is a
function of position, such as a spring oscillator?
kx F =
? (t) ? (t) a v
x m
dt
x d
m
dt
dv
m kx F
2
2

= = = =
m
k
t Acos x = + = , ) (
A and are determined by initial conditions.

Sample problem 5-11

A car of m=1260kg is moving at 105 km/h.
the driver begins to apply the brakes so that
the magnitude of the braking force increases
linearly with time at the rate of 3360N/s
(a) How much time passes before the car
comes to rest?
(b) how far does the car travel in the
process?
Solution:
(a) we choose the direction of the cars velocity as
the positive x direction, then we can represent the
braking force as

and

Let this expression for equal to zero and solve
for t,


The car comes to rest at
N t 3360 ct F
x
= =
s
s N
kg s m
c
m v
t
x
68 . 4
/ 5360
1260 ) / 2 . 29 ( 2 2
0
1
= = =
s t 68 . 4
1
=
x
v
m
ct
v dt ct
m
v t v
x
t
x x
2
) (
1
(
2
0
0
0
= + =
}

(b) According to Eq(5-20)

Evaluating the expression at ,
we obtain
0
0
= x
1
t t =
m
kg
s s N
s s m t x 1 . 91
) 1260 ( 6
) 68 . 4 )( / 3360 (
) 68 . 4 )( / 2 . 29 ( ) (
3
1
= =
m
ct
t v x dt
m
ct
v x x
t
x
6
)
2
(
3
0 0
0
2
0 0
+ = + =
}
Fig 5-22
t (s)
t (s)
t (s)
x
v
a
1
t
1
t
1
t
m 2
ct
t ( v
2
x 0 x
= v
m 6
ct
t v x x
3
0 0
+ =
m t a / ct ) (
x
=
Sec. 5-6 Noninertial frames and
pseudoforces()
Noninertial frame--- a frame that is accelerated
as viewed from an inertial frame.

1) How is the motion equation if a noninertial
frame is chosen?

Consider an observer s in
a van that is moving at
constant velocity. The van
contains a long airtrack
with a frictionless 0.25kg
glider at one end (Fig 5-
22a).

The driver of the van
applies the brakes, and the
van begins to decelerate
with acceleration of .
Fig 5-22






o
S

o
S
a a

= '
(a)
(b)
v
See an example
a
0 = a

0 = a

To preserve the applicability of Newtons Second

law, S must assume that a force (a pseudo-force)
acts on the glider. According to S, this force
must equal .
Observer S sees the glider accelerate with
and can find no object in the environment of the
glider that exerted a force on it.

'
F
a m a m

= '
' a

At same time S measures the van accelerate with

. It is found that the relationship between the two
accelerates is .
a

a a

= '
Pseudoforces violate Newtons third law. The
observer of s cannot find a reaction force exerted
by the glider on some other body.
2) Why is the force called pseudoforce?
To apply classical mechanics in noninertial frames
( ), we must introduce additional forces
known as pseudoforces (sometimes called
inertial forces).
a m F

= '
a

Pseudoforces = non-Newtonian forces

Pseudoforces depends on the frames chosen.
3) Pseudoforces are very real to those that
experience them.

From your point of view in the noninertial
reference frame of the car, you must ascribe
your sliding motion to a pseudo-force pulling
you to the left. This type of pseudo-force is
called a centrifugal force(), meaning a
force directed away from the center.
To S, who is in inertial frame (ground), this
is quite natural; your body is simply trying
to obey Newtons first law and move in a
straight line.
g
4) Is pseudoforce (inertial force) really pseudo?

A virtual experiment
General Relativity:
found in 1915
Principle of equivalence:
gravity ~ inertial force
Application of inertial forces:
See //2-02
.exe 2
Sec. 5-7 Limitations of Newtons law
Special relativity teaches us that we can
not extrapolate the use of Newtons laws to
particles moving at speeds comparable to
the speed of light. General relativity shows
that we can not use Newtons laws in the
vicinity of extremely massive objects.
Quantum mechanics teaches us that we can
not extrapolate Newtons laws to objects as
small as atoms.